Wednesday, April 12, 2023

Smile

▪️How a smile makes all desirable changes by winning the hearts.

A smile is a powerful tool that can make all the desirable changes by winning the hearts of others.

➖The benefits are:

1. Creates a positive impression
2. Builds trust
3. Improves facial values
4. Improves immune system
5. Relieves stress
6. Boosts morale
7. Improves confidence
8. Strengthens relationship
9. Reduces pain
10. Reduces blood pressure
11. Increases endurance
12. Activates inactive harmones.

Smiles that convey approval, happiness, contentment, and other positive feelings.

Smiles that communicate positive intention, trustworthiness, belongingness, compassion, and social connection.

Smiles intended to convey contempt, disgust, or superiority. Such smiles have been shown to increase cortisol (stress hormone) levels in people they are directed toward.

Smiling Helps You Live Longer.

Smiling Elevates Mood.

Smiling Is Contagious

Smiling Makes You Attractive.

Smiling Suggests Success.

Smiling and Laughing Reduce Stress.

Since body language and mood are so linked, it makes sense that laughing on purpose helps us too.

Smiling relaxes the facial muscles and calms the nervous system. Laughing sends more oxygen to the brain. That triggers the release of brain chemicals called endorphins. These chemicals help us feel positive. Laughing can lower blood pressure, relieve stress, and boost mood.

➖Here's a simple exercise from a Buddhist teacher to help you tap into the benefits of smiling:

{
As you breathe in, say to yourself:

1. Breathing in, I calm my body and mind.

Then, as you breathe out, think:

2. Breathing out, I smile.
}

By repeating this simple breathing exercise several times, you're relaxing your nervous system and countering stress

➖Did you know that the simple act of smiling can boost your mood and even your immune system?

▪️It costs nothing, but creates much.
▪️It enriches those who receive, without impoverishing those who give.
▪️It happens in a flash and the memory of it sometimes lasts forever.
▪️None are so rich they can get along without it, and none so poor but are richer for its benefits.
▪️It creates happiness in the home, fosters good will in a business, and is the countersign of friends.
▪️It is rest to the weary, daylight to the discouraged, sunshine to the sad, and Nature’s best antidote for trouble.
▪️It cannot be bought, bagged, borrowed, or stolen, for it is something that is no earthly good to anybody till it is given away.
▪️Nobody needs a smile so much as those who have none left to give.

➖Facts:

1. Babies are born with the ability to smile: Babies learn a lot of behaviors and sounds from watching the people around them, but scientists believe that all babies are born with the ability, since even blind babies smile.

2. Women smile more than men: Generally, women smile more than men, but when they participate in similar work or social roles, they smile the same amount. This finding leads scientists to believe that gender roles are quite flexible. Boy babies, though, do smile less than girl babies, who also make more eye contact.

3. There are 19 different types of smiles: UC-San Francisco researcher identified 19 types of smiles and put them into two categories: polite “social” smiles which engage fewer muscles, and sincere “felt” smiles that use more muscles on both sides of the face.

4. Only human can smile. It makes a difference from animal.

Your smile can reflect a wide range of your mood.

➖Unknown facts:

▪️Biologically smile takes 62 muscles to frown, but only 26 muscles to smile!

▪️The two muscles that create a smile are the zygomatic major and the orbicularis oculi.

▪️Other muscles can simulate a smile, but only the two above create a genuine, involuntary smile.

▪️Duchenne smiles are the scientific name for genuine smiles.

▪️The crinkling in the corner of the eyes is a tell-tale sign of a genuine smile.

▪️People who smile are more likely to get a promotion.

▪️Smiles are the most easily recognized facial expression; they can be recognized from over 300 feet away.

➖Types of smile 

There are many types of smiles, each with their own unique meanings and expressions. 

Here are some of the most common types of smiles:

1. Duchenne smile: A genuine smile that involves the contraction of both the zygomatic major muscle (which lifts the corners of the mouth) and the orbicularis oculi muscle (which creates crow's feet wrinkles around the eyes).

2. Fake smile: A smile that is forced or insincere, often used to hide negative emotions or to be polite.

3. Polite smile: A smile that is used to show politeness or acknowledgement, but may not be genuine.

4. Amused smile: A smile that shows amusement or mild humor, often involving a closed mouth and raised eyebrows.

5. Sarcastic smile: A smile that is used to convey sarcasm or mocking, often involving a slight sneer and raised eyebrows.

6. Nervous smile: A smile that is used to cover up nervousness or anxiety, often involving a closed mouth and a forced, tight-lipped smile.

7. Flirtatious smile: A smile that is used to show romantic or sexual interest, often involving a tilted head, eye contact, and a slight smile.

8. Smirk: A smile that is used to show smugness or superiority, often involving a raised corner of the mouth and a cocked eyebrow.

9. Grin: A broad smile that involves the entire mouth and often conveys happiness, excitement, or satisfaction.

10. Contemptuous smile: A smile that shows disrespect or disdain towards someone, often involving a raised corner of the mouth and a curled lip.

11. Sympathetic smile: A smile that shows understanding or empathy towards someone, often involving a gentle, closed-mouth smile.

12. Proud smile: A smile that shows pride or accomplishment, often involving a broad smile and an open, confident posture.

13. Icy smile: A smile that is cold and distant, often involving a tight-lipped smile and lack of eye contact.

14. Embarrassed smile: A smile that shows embarrassment or discomfort, often involving a closed mouth and a downcast gaze.

15. Sincere smile: A smile that is genuine and heartfelt, often involving a warm, open-mouthed smile and eye contact.

16. Joyful smile: A smile that shows pure joy or happiness, often involving a broad, open-mouthed smile and expressive eyes.

17. Confident smile: A smile that shows confidence or self-assurance, often involving a firm, broad smile and an upright posture.

18. Mischevious smile: A smile that shows playful or mischievous intentions, often involving a raised eyebrow and a smirk.

19. Radiant smile: A smile that is bright, glowing, and exudes happiness, often involving a wide, open-mouthed smile and twinkling eyes.

20. Compassionate smile: A smile that is warm and caring, often used to show support or kindness towards others, and involving a soft, gentle smile and attentive eye contact.

21. Apologetic smile: A smile that is used to convey apology or regret, often involving a slight, closed-lipped smile and a sincere expression.

22. Skeptical smile: A smile that is used to convey doubt or disbelief, often involving a raised eyebrow and a half-smile.

23. Contemplative smile: A smile that is used to show thoughtfulness or reflection, often involving a closed-mouth smile and a pensive expression.

24. Enthusiastic smile: A smile that is used to show excitement or enthusiasm, often involving a wide, open-mouthed smile and an animated expression.

25. Impish smile: A smile that is playful and mischievous, often involving a sly grin and a twinkle in the eye.

26. Admiring smile: A smile that is used to show admiration or appreciation, often involving a wide, open-mouthed smile and a gaze of awe. 

➖Goodness of the smile:

The "goodness" of a smile depends on the intentions and emotions behind it, as well as the way it is received by others. 

A smile that is used to convey kindness, humor, joy, or empathy is generally viewed as positive and attractive, while a smile that is used to convey sarcasm, insincerity, or superiority may be viewed as negative or off-putting.

➖How to improve smiling:

1. Consider teeth whitening: If you're unhappy with the color of your teeth, consider professional teeth whitening treatments to brighten your smile.

2. Address dental issues: If you have crooked or misaligned teeth, consider orthodontic treatments such as braces or Invisalign to improve their alignment.

3. Practice smiling: Spend time in front of a mirror practicing your smile, experimenting with different types of smiles and expressions until you find one that feels natural and attractive.

4. Exercise your facial muscles: Engage in exercises that can help strengthen and tone the muscles in your face and jaw, such as facial yoga or facial massage.

5. Be mindful of your posture: Sit or stand up straight with your shoulders back and your head held high to project confidence and openness.

6. Think positive thoughts: Cultivate a positive mindset and try to focus on things that make you happy or bring you joy, which can help make your smile more genuine and authentic.

Remember, the most important thing is to be comfortable and confident in your smile, and to express yourself in a way that feels true to who you are.

➖How to make others smile:

Making others smile can be a wonderful way to brighten someone's day and spread positivity and joy. 

Here are some strategies that may help:

1. Use humor: Humor is a powerful tool for making others smile. Try telling a joke, sharing a funny story, or making a lighthearted observation to bring a smile to someone's face.

2. Be kind: Acts of kindness and generosity can be a great way to make others smile. Offer a helping hand, pay a compliment, or surprise someone with a thoughtful gesture to show that you care.

3. Show empathy: Sometimes simply showing empathy and understanding can help ease someone's stress or worries and bring a smile to their face. Listen attentively, offer support, and try to put yourself in their shoes.

4. Be playful: Playfulness and spontaneity can be great for making others smile. Whether it's engaging in a silly activity, telling a funny story, or just being spontaneous and adventurous, finding ways to inject a sense of fun and excitement into someone's day can be a great way to bring a smile to their face.

5. Share positive news: Sharing positive news, such as a personal accomplishment, an interesting fact, or a heartwarming story, can help lift someone's spirits and make them smile.

Remember, making others smile can be a simple yet powerful way to spread joy and positivity, and can have a lasting impact on both the giver and the receiver.

Thursday, March 9, 2023

Dr. Ruksana Hassan - Does NEP take any new measures on the development of students' personalities?




Does NEP take any new measures on the development of students' personalities?

NEP 2020, The new education policy or edition of education based on four top pillars: Those are, 

1. Multidisciplinary education
2. Life Skills education
3. Inculcation of values 
4. Promotion of co-curricular activities. 

And there is no doubt, these are helpful for the development of students'personality.

And how it is helpful for development of students' personalities. 

Latest emergence in education is included in NEP

So can believe in NEP because it includes education and research with the latest developments of education.

The latest developments in education are:

1. Personalized learning: With the help of technology, teachers can personalize the learning experience for each student based on their unique learning style, interests, and pace.

2. Gamification: Gamification is the use of game elements and design in non-game contexts, such as education. It can make learning more engaging and enjoyable for students.

3. Project-based learning: Project-based learning is an approach that involves students working on a project to gain deeper knowledge and understanding of a topic.

4. Online and blended learning: With the advent of technology, online and blended learning have become more prevalent. This mode of learning allows students to learn at their own pace and provides flexibility.

5. STEAM education: STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Math) education focuses on integrating these disciplines to help students develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity.

6. Social and emotional learning: Social and emotional learning (SEL) helps students develop self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making.

7. Open educational resources: Open educational resources (OERs) are freely available online resources that teachers can use to supplement their curriculum.

These are just a few of the latest developments in education. 

As the field of education continues to evolve, we can expect to see new and innovative approaches to teaching and learning.

1. \\ STEAM \\

STEAM is an educational approach that integrates Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics into a cohesive learning paradigm.

It is an interdisciplinary approach that emphasizes the importance of these subjects working together to solve complex problems and create innovative solutions.

Incorporating STEAM into education encourages students to think critically, creatively, and analytically, and to approach problems from a multidisciplinary perspective. 

It emphasizes the development of skills such as collaboration, communication, and problem-solving, which are essential in today's rapidly changing job market.

1. Science is at the core of STEAM, and it involves understanding and investigating the natural world. 
2. Technology involves the use of tools and machines to design and create solutions to problems. 
3. Engineering involves the application of science and technology to design and build systems and structures. 
4. Art involves creative expression through various forms such as visual arts, music, and drama. 
5. Mathematics involves the use of numbers and data to analyze and solve problems.

By integrating these disciplines, STEAM education provides students with a well-rounded and comprehensive education that prepares them for a wide range of careers in fields such as science, technology, engineering, art, design, and mathematics.

• STEAM implementation 

Implementing STEAM in education involves several key steps, including:

• Providing professional development for educators: Educators need to be trained in the principles and practices of STEAM education, including how to integrate science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics into their teaching. Professional development can be offered through workshops, seminars, online courses, and coaching sessions.

• Developing a STEAM curriculum: A STEAM curriculum should be developed that is aligned with the school's standards and goals. The curriculum should include project-based learning activities that allow students to explore real-world problems and apply STEAM concepts and skills.

• Incorporating technology and hands-on activities: Technology and hands-on activities are critical components of STEAM education. Teachers should incorporate a range of technology tools and resources into their teaching, such as coding software, robotics kits, and virtual reality simulations. Hands-on activities should also be included, such as building structures, designing experiments, and creating art projects.

• Encouraging collaboration and teamwork: Collaboration and teamwork are essential skills for success in STEAM fields. Teachers should create opportunities for students to work together on projects and solve problems as a team.

• Promoting real-world connections: STEAM education should be connected to real-world problems and issues. Teachers should encourage students to explore issues that are relevant to their lives and communities, and to develop solutions that have real-world applications.

• Evaluating student learning: Teachers should evaluate student learning through a range of assessments, such as project-based assessments, rubrics, and self-reflection activities. The assessment should be aligned with the STEAM curriculum and should provide feedback to both teachers and students about their progress.

Implementing STEAM in education requires a comprehensive and intentional approach that involves teacher training, curriculum development, technology integration, and real-world connections. 

By implementing STEAM education, schools can help students develop the critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration skills they need to succeed in a rapidly changing world.

• STEAM curriculum 

A STEAM curriculum is a curriculum that integrates the subjects of science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics into a cohesive educational approach. STEAM education emphasizes hands-on, project-based learning activities that encourage students to explore real-world problems and apply STEAM concepts and skills.

A STEAM curriculum typically includes a mix of subjects and activities, such as:

• Science: The science component of a STEAM curriculum emphasizes the exploration of the natural world, including the study of biology, chemistry, physics, and environmental science.

• Technology: The technology component of a STEAM curriculum emphasizes the use of technology tools and resources to solve problems, such as coding software, robotics kits, and virtual reality simulations.

• Engineering: The engineering component of a STEAM curriculum emphasizes the design and construction of structures, machines, and systems, as well as the problem-solving skills required to address real-world challenges.

• Arts: The arts component of a STEAM curriculum emphasizes creativity and expression through visual arts, performing arts, and design.

• Mathematics: The mathematics component of a STEAM curriculum emphasizes the use of mathematical concepts and skills to solve problems and make informed decisions.

A STEAM curriculum is typically project-based, with students working in groups to design, build, and test solutions to real-world problems. The curriculum is designed to encourage students to think critically, solve problems, and collaborate with others, as well as to develop a deep understanding of the interconnectedness of STEAM subjects.

¶ Lesson plan for STEAM 

Title: Building a Rube Goldberg Machine

Grade Level: 5th-8th

Duration: 90 minutes

• Objectives:

Students will work collaboratively to design, build, and test a Rube Goldberg machine.
Students will apply concepts from physics, engineering, and mathematics to their designs.
Students will use creativity and problem-solving skills to troubleshoot and improve their machines.

• Materials:

Various simple machines (e.g. pulleys, levers, inclined planes, etc.)

Recyclable materials such as cardboard tubes, paper cups, rubber bands, string, etc.

Tape, scissors, rulers, markers

A variety of objects to set off the machine, such as a marble or a toy car

• Procedure:

1. Introduction (15 minutes):

Introduce the concept of a Rube Goldberg machine and show some examples.

Discuss the engineering and physics concepts that will be applied in the activity.

2. Planning and Design (30 minutes):

Divide the students into groups of 3-4.

Have the groups brainstorm and sketch out their designs for the Rube Goldberg machine.

Provide the students with the materials and tools they will need to build their machines.

3. Building (45 minutes):

Allow students time to build their machines.
Circulate around the room to provide guidance and answer questions as needed.

4. Testing and Troubleshooting (30 minutes):

Have each group set up their machine and test it.

Encourage students to troubleshoot and improve their machines to make them more reliable and interesting.

4. Conclusion (10 minutes):

Ask students to share their experiences with the activity.

Discuss how the activity applies to real-world engineering and problem-solving.

• Assessment:

Observe students as they work in their groups and provide feedback on their collaboration and problem-solving skills.

Assess the completed Rube Goldberg machines based on creativity, effectiveness, and application of engineering and physics concepts.

• Extensions:

Have students document their Rube Goldberg machines with videos or photographs.

Discuss how different simple machines and materials can be used to accomplish the same task.

Have students reflect on how they used creativity and problem-solving skills to improve their machines.
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2. // SEL //

SEL stands for Social and Emotional Learning, which is an approach to education that focuses on developing the social and emotional skills of students. 

It is an educational framework that promotes the development of skills such as self-awareness, self-regulation, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making.

The aim of SEL is to help students develop a deep understanding of their own emotions and those of others, to manage their emotions effectively, and to build strong and positive relationships with others. SEL recognizes that these skills are not only essential for academic success, but also for success in life and in future careers.

SEL programs typically involve the use of evidence-based strategies and practices, such as mindfulness meditation, conflict resolution, and social skills training. 

They are often implemented through curriculum and instructional practices, as well as through school-wide practices and policies that support the development of social and emotional skills.

• SEL Implementation 

Implementing SEL in education can be done through a variety of strategies and practices, some of which include:

• Develop a clear understanding of what SEL is: It is important for educators and administrators to have a clear understanding of what SEL is and how it can be implemented in the classroom. This may involve attending professional development workshops, reading research and literature on SEL, and engaging with other educators who have experience implementing SEL.

• Establish a school-wide approach: SEL is most effective when it is implemented school-wide, with consistent approaches across all classrooms and grade levels. This can involve developing policies and practices that support SEL, such as consistent language and terminology, school-wide expectations for behavior, and clear communication with parents and families.

• Use evidence-based SEL curricula: There are many evidence-based SEL curricula available that can be used in the classroom. These curricula typically provide explicit instruction on social and emotional skills, and can be tailored to the needs and interests of students at different grade levels.

• Create a supportive classroom environment: Classroom environments that are safe, welcoming, and inclusive are essential for effective SEL implementation. Teachers can create supportive classroom environments by fostering positive relationships with their students, providing opportunities for student voice and choice, and modeling positive social and emotional behaviors.

• Use assessment to monitor progress: Assessment can be used to monitor students' progress in developing social and emotional skills, and to identify areas where additional support may be needed. This can involve using informal assessments such as observation and reflection, as well as more formal assessments such as surveys and standardized assessments.

• SEL curriculum 

An SEL curriculum is a curriculum that focuses on the development of social and emotional skills in students. SEL education emphasizes the importance of building positive relationships, developing self-awareness, managing emotions, and making responsible decisions.

An SEL curriculum typically includes a mix of subjects and activities, such as:

• Self-awareness: The self-awareness component of an SEL curriculum emphasizes the development of skills such as identifying emotions, recognizing strengths and weaknesses, and developing a positive self-concept.

• Social awareness: The social awareness component of an SEL curriculum emphasizes the development of skills such as empathy, perspective-taking, and understanding cultural differences.

• Relationship skills: The relationship skills component of an SEL curriculum emphasizes the development of skills such as communication, collaboration, and conflict resolution.

• Self-management: The self-management component of an SEL curriculum emphasizes the development of skills such as self-regulation, stress management, and goal-setting.

• Responsible decision-making: The responsible decision-making component of an SEL curriculum emphasizes the development of skills such as problem-solving, ethical decision-making, and goal-setting.

An SEL curriculum is typically integrated into other academic subjects and activities, such as language arts, social studies, and physical education. 

The curriculum is designed to provide students with opportunities to practice social and emotional skills in real-world contexts and to develop positive relationships with peers and adults.

¶ Lesson plan for SEL

Title: Mindful Breathing

Grade Level: 3rd-5th

Duration: 20-30 minutes

• Objectives:

Students will learn about the importance of self-awareness and managing emotions.

Students will practice mindfulness through focused breathing exercises.

Students will discuss the benefits of mindfulness and how it can help manage stress and emotions.

• Materials:

Comfortable seating for students

Quiet and calming space

Audio recording of a guided mindfulness breathing exercise

Whiteboard or chart paper

• Procedure:

1. Introduction (5 minutes):

Discuss the concept of mindfulness and its benefits.

Explain that students will practice a mindfulness breathing exercise.

2. Guided Practice (10 minutes):

Instruct students to sit comfortably in their seats, with their feet flat on the ground and hands resting in their laps.

Play the guided mindfulness breathing exercise and encourage students to follow along.

Allow for a few moments of silence after the exercise.

3. Reflection and Discussion (10-15 minutes):

Ask students how they felt during the breathing exercise and what thoughts or emotions came up for them.

Discuss the importance of taking time to be mindful and how it can help manage stress and emotions.

Have students share any other mindfulness techniques they use in their daily lives.

4. Conclusion (5 minutes):

Summarize the key points of the lesson.

Ask students to take a deep breath and slowly exhale, then return to their regular activities.

• Assessment:

Observe students during the mindfulness breathing exercise to ensure they are participating and following along.

Monitor student participation in the discussion and assess their understanding of the importance of mindfulness.

• Extensions:

Encourage students to practice mindfulness breathing exercises at home or during times of stress.

Incorporate mindfulness into daily routines, such as taking a moment to breathe before starting a task.

Discuss the benefits of mindfulness on overall well-being and its impact on academic and personal success.
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3. // OER //

OER stands for Open Educational Resources, which are educational materials that are freely available and openly licensed for anyone to use, reuse, and distribute. These resources include a wide range of materials, such as textbooks, videos, lesson plans, quizzes, and other types of educational content that can be used for teaching and learning.

The key feature of OER is that they are typically released under an open license, such as Creative Commons, that allows users to freely access, reuse, and modify the materials without needing to obtain permission from the copyright owner. This makes OER a valuable resource for educators, students, and lifelong learners around the world, as they can access high-quality educational materials without having to pay for expensive textbooks or other resources.

OER is often associated with the movement towards open access and open education, which seeks to promote greater access to education and knowledge for all. By making educational materials freely available and openly licensed, OER can help to increase the accessibility and affordability of education, promote collaboration and knowledge sharing, and support innovation and creativity in teaching and learning.

• Implementation

Implementation refers to the process of putting a plan or decision into action. In the context of education, implementation often refers to the process of putting into practice educational policies, programs, or initiatives. It involves a range of activities, such as designing and developing materials, training teachers and staff, setting up systems and infrastructure, and monitoring and evaluating progress.

Effective implementation is essential for achieving the intended outcomes of educational policies or programs. It requires careful planning and management to ensure that all the necessary resources, skills, and support are in place, and that all stakeholders are engaged and committed to the process. Effective implementation also involves ongoing monitoring and evaluation to assess progress, identify challenges, and make necessary adjustments.

The implementation of educational policies or programs can take place at various levels, such as at the school, district, or national level. Successful implementation requires a collaborative effort among all stakeholders, including policymakers, educators, students, parents, and community members. It also requires a clear understanding of the context and needs of the learners and the community, as well as the goals and objectives of the educational initiative.

• OER curriculum

An OER curriculum is an educational curriculum that is built using open educational resources (OER). OER curricula are designed to be freely accessible and openly licensed, which means that they can be used, modified, and shared by anyone without needing to obtain permission or pay royalties.

The development of OER curricula is a collaborative effort that involves educators, subject matter experts, and other stakeholders. OER curricula typically include a range of educational materials, such as textbooks, videos, interactive activities, and assessments. These materials are carefully curated and organized to create a coherent and comprehensive learning experience for students.

One of the key benefits of an OER curriculum is that it can be customized and adapted to meet the needs of diverse learners and educational contexts. Teachers and educators can modify and remix the materials to suit the learning objectives, teaching style, and preferences of their students. OER curricula also provide an opportunity for educators to share their knowledge and expertise with a wider audience and collaborate with other educators around the world.

OER curricula can be used in various educational settings, such as K-12 schools, colleges, and universities, as well as in informal learning environments. They can help to reduce the cost of educational materials and increase access to high-quality educational resources for students and educators alike.

¶ Lesson plan for OER

Subject: Open Educational Resources (OER)

Grade Level: High School

Lesson Duration: 60 minutes

• Objective:

Students will be able to understand the concept of Open Educational Resources (OER) and their importance, and be able to locate and use OER materials in their learning.

• Materials:

Computers or other devices with internet access

Access to OER platforms such as OpenStax, OER Commons, and Khan Academy

Worksheet with questions about OER

• Introduction (5 minutes):

Ask students if they have ever used online resources such as Wikipedia, YouTube, or online tutorials to learn something new. Explain that there are many educational resources available online that are free to use and can help them learn more about a variety of topics. 

Introduce the concept of Open Educational Resources (OER) and explain that these are resources that are freely available to everyone, and can be used, shared, and adapted by anyone.

Activity 1: Understanding OER (20 minutes)
Provide students with the worksheet and ask them to answer the questions about OER. Discuss the answers as a class, and clarify any misconceptions or questions.

Activity 2: Exploring OER (25 minutes)
Divide the class into small groups and provide each group with a list of OER platforms. Ask each group to explore one platform and find one OER material related to a topic they are interested in. Once they have found an OER material, ask each group to share it with the class and explain why they think it is a good resource.

• Conclusion (10 minutes):

Ask students to reflect on what they have learned about OER and discuss why it is important to have access to these resources. Encourage them to use OER in their learning and to share their knowledge with others.
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Schools in India with STEAM, SEL and OER 

There are many schools in India that incorporate STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics), SEL (Social-Emotional Learning), and OER (Open Educational Resources) into their curriculum. 

Here are a few examples:

• Riverside School, Ahmedabad: 

Riverside School is known for its project-based learning approach, where students work on interdisciplinary projects that incorporate STEAM concepts. They also focus on SEL through a program called Life Skills, which helps students develop skills such as communication, empathy, and collaboration. Riverside School also uses OER in their curriculum.

• The Heritage School, Gurgaon: 

The Heritage School offers a STEAM-focused curriculum that includes robotics, coding, and design thinking. They also incorporate SEL through a program called Life Skills, which focuses on developing skills such as problem-solving, decision-making, and leadership. The Heritage School also uses OER in their curriculum.

• Shiv Nadar School, Noida: 

Shiv Nadar School offers a STEAM-focused curriculum that includes project-based learning, coding, robotics, and design thinking. They also incorporate SEL through a program called Life Skills, which helps students develop skills such as self-awareness, self-management, and social awareness. Shiv Nadar School also uses OER in their curriculum.

• Chrysalis High, Bangalore: 

Chrysalis High offers a STEAM-focused curriculum that includes coding, robotics, and design thinking. They also focus on SEL through a program called Personal and Social Education, which helps students develop skills such as empathy, communication, and teamwork. Chrysalis High also uses OER in their curriculum.

• The International School Bangalore: 

The International School Bangalore offers a STEAM-focused curriculum that includes coding, robotics, and design thinking. They also incorporate SEL through a program called Personal, Social, and Health Education, which focuses on developing skills such as self-awareness, self-management, and social awareness. The International School Bangalore also uses OER in their curriculum.

These are just a few examples of schools in India that incorporate STEAM, SEL, and OER into their curriculum. There are many more schools across India that are adopting these approaches to provide a well-rounded education to their students.

It's time for all of us to understand the tolerance level of each student. We are just feeling sad, conclusive, judgemental, Sympathize and remarkable in our own statement

We as teachers, we as parents, we a society, we as a whole community failed to teach or guide such students.

The prime facie of the case has been studied, heard, seen or predicted by each one of us as we want or wanted, but none of us were able ask what made him to be so intolerable to go such extreme care to conditions, how was his act not seen earlier by any the people around him.

Don't you think somewhere down the line as home parent V/S School programs lost his own identity where he had a  mask of drugs and other influence....

As a teacher, we had to understand him as a person on the bench level.

My request is to have a discussion on this platform:

"Where have we failed as teachers, 
What are the measures we should take,  
Does NEP take any new measures on the students personalities. 

The persona of a person is more important before we implement the personality.
Development in a classroom, in our teaching Methodology, classroom learning and behavioral pattern of disturbed children.

A big subject to be discussed and seriously submitted to all the different boards in education management at the implementation level.

Dr. Ruksana Hassan
Psychologist
UN Educationist 
Conversation initiator: Dr. Ruksana Hassan
ЁЯй╕

Teaching is a complex and challenging profession that requires a wide range of skills and knowledge. 

Teachers work hard to create effective learning environments, but it's not always easy to address the diverse needs of every student. 

By recognizing the challenges and working to overcome them, teachers can continue to improve their craft and better support their students.

Where have we failed as teachers, 
What are the measures we should take,  

I can can provide you with some common areas where teachers may struggle or face challenges in their profession.

It is not accurate but acceptable. In addition to the points to be shared here, you can add your specific inputs or common inputs to the points.

1. Lack of Engagement: 

Teachers may fail to engage students in the learning process, making it difficult for students to be motivated and interested in the subject matter.

Lack of engagement does not mean that teachers are missing their classes and skipping the syllabus.

It means that their teaching styles, use of teaching aids or supportive environment, follow up with assessment....

Lack of engagement is one of the common areas where teachers may struggle. 

Below are some reasons why this might happen and what teachers can do to overcome this challenge:

• Teaching style: Sometimes, teachers may not use teaching styles that are best suited to their students' learning needs. For example, some students may prefer visual aids, while others may learn better through hands-on activities. Teachers can try different teaching styles to see what works best for their students.

• Relevance: Students are more likely to be engaged in learning when they see its relevance to their lives. Teachers can try to relate the lesson content to real-life situations and show how it can be applied.

• Active learning: Passive learning, such as reading and listening, may not be enough. 
Teachers can encourage active learning by involving students in discussions, group work, and other interactive activities.

• Classroom environment: The classroom environment can impact student engagement. A cluttered or distracting environment can hinder student attention and engagement. Teachers can create a clean, organized, and welcoming environment to help students focus.

• Lack of challenge: Students may become disengaged if they are not being challenged enough. Teachers can provide students with opportunities to apply their skills and knowledge in novel and challenging situations.

• Teacher-student relationship: A positive teacher-student relationship can promote engagement.

All these are the factors distracting teachers'engagement in classroom.

2. Inadequate Preparation: 

Teachers may not be adequately prepared to handle the diverse learning needs of their students, leading to a one-size-fits-all approach that may not be effective.

What are the reasons behind it and how to overcome this challenge?

• Lack of training: Some teachers may not have received adequate training to handle the diverse learning needs of their students. Teachers can seek out professional development opportunities to improve their skills and knowledge.

• Limited resources: Teachers may not have access to the resources they need to provide a high-quality education. Teachers can advocate for more resources, such as additional classroom materials, technology, and support staff.

• Time constraints: Teachers may feel overwhelmed with the demands of teaching and have limited time to prepare lessons. Teachers can prioritize their time and focus on the most critical aspects of lesson planning.

• Inflexibility: Some teachers may stick to rigid lesson plans and not be flexible enough to adjust their teaching approach based on their students' needs. 

Teachers can be open to feedback and make adjustments to their teaching approach as necessary.

• Limited subject matter knowledge: Teachers may not have enough subject matter knowledge to effectively teach the content. Teachers can seek out additional resources, such as textbooks, online courses, or collaboration with other teachers, to improve their understanding of the subject matter.

3. Insufficient Feedback

Teachers may not provide sufficient feedback to students on their progress and learning, leading to students feeling lost or unsure of how to improve.

This is one of the biggest challenges which is often ignored by a teacher.

But it is important and more significant than teaching. Some special areas where a teacher can pay attention to overcome it.

• Lack of communication: Teachers may not communicate effectively with students about their progress and the feedback they receive. 

Teachers can provide regular updates to students and communicate feedback in a clear and understandable manner.

• Feedback is not timely: Delayed feedback may not be as effective as immediate feedback. 

Teachers can provide feedback as soon as possible to help students make connections between the work they did and the feedback they receive.

• Feedback is not actionable: Feedback that is too vague or general may not be useful to students. 

Teachers can provide specific and actionable feedback that helps students understand what they did well and what they need to improve.

• Limited knowledge of students' progress: Teachers may not have enough information about their students' progress to provide targeted feedback. 

Teachers can use formative assessments and other strategies to monitor student progress and provide feedback accordingly.

3. Poor Communication

Teachers may struggle with effectively communicating with students and parents, leading to misunderstandings and frustration.

The very essential quality of a teacher is communication. Why do a teacher face these challenges, due to the following reasons. But not accurate.

I said this is not accurate because, communication can be made in many forms. Communication is not only verbal. Might be visual, signs, signals, body language.....

• Language barriers: Students and their families may speak a different language than the teacher, making communication difficult. 

Teachers can use translation services or work with bilingual staff members to ensure effective communication.

• Cultural differences: Cultural differences between the teacher and their students may lead to misunderstandings and miscommunication. 

Teachers can educate themselves on their students' cultures and communication styles to bridge cultural differences.

• Limited time for communication: Teachers may have limited time for communication with students and their families, making it difficult to build strong relationships. 

Teachers can prioritize communication and set aside time for regular communication with students and their families.

• Limited communication channels: Teachers may not have access to communication channels that are convenient or accessible to all students and their families. 

Teachers can use a variety of communication channels, such as email, phone calls, and online platforms, to ensure all students and their families can access information.

Communication is effective when it is responded. Most of our Indian parents, irrespective of their education, fail to respond to the calls from schools and parents. How effective the communication is, if the call is from a police station or hospital. But it is our problem that demotivates teachers to follow communication with the parents.

This is the first area where a teacher failed:
In a nutshell:
Lack of engagement
Inadequate preparation
Poor communication.

Thursday, February 16, 2023

21 skills that will pay you forever


21 skills that will pay you forever
❤️

Table of Contents:

1. Ability to sell and negotiate.
2. Ability to convey what you think and feel.
3. Ability to break down a process into smaller steps.
4. Ability to shut up, listen and learn from others.
5. Ability to adapt and improvise and overcome obstacles.
6. Ability to read, understand and memorize.
7. Ability to walk away.
8. Ability to manage time effectively.
9. Ability to stay positive and optimistic.
10. Ability to make decisions based on facts not based on emotions.
11. Ability to speak in front of a large audience.
12. Ability to keep trying even after failure.
13. Ability to invest money on your own.
14. Ability to do things irrespective of situations.
15. Ability to analyse yourself.
16. Ability to learn how to learn.
17. Ability to understand what others feel.
18. Ability to maintain consistency.
19. Ability to master your thoughts.
20. Ability to write words to persuade and influence others.
21. Ability to ask for help.

❤️
Making use of your skills is the mindset behind giving them out.

Generally, skill and ability are words used interchangeably to talk about the capability of a person /or something collectively.

Skills are acquired /or learned. It can be an innate characteristic of a person in question or/ the result of investing much time and energy in acquiring it.
❤️
21 skills have been compiled that will pay you forever either in monetary terms, academic, life, and other areas you deem necessary for use.

1. Ability to sell and negotiate.

Selling must be complemented by negotiations. A good seller must possess the ability to negotiate that they trade /or sell because, at the end of the day, the seller must make a profit and the buyer must also appreciate the value/worth of what they’ve purchased.

2. Ability to convey what you think and feel.

Feelings are personal. They can only be interpreted by the person experiencing them best. Even though others might understand your feelings to some extent, the real definitions of your feeling may not be clear to them until you elaborate on them.

The work now is to convey what you feel and how it can be related to. You need the ability to convey your plans perfectly.

Let’s say a business strategy for a company /or a way out to accomplish a difficult task that society is facing.

Always remember that thoughts are inwardly built elements while abilities are how to make good use of the thoughts.

3. Ability to break down a process into smaller steps.

In every sector of life, business, education, etc, there are combinations of processes to achieve success.

At work, others might need a few seconds of explanation to complete a task. At school, it can be breaking down a complex unit for others before they can proceed. In life, chapters must be analysed by others for prompt and progression.

In business, the manager must break down the thinking behind the running turbines of the business. Employers will understand your focus much more if only you break down the process of the organization (sometimes).

4. Ability to shut up, listen and learn from others.

A popular adage says “silence is golden”. Indeed silence is golden because success grows in silence but destruction disturbs others.

Silence is not about closing your mouth, it also means observing, imitating, and practicing at the right pace.

Always, cultivate the habit of learning from others who have made it. Ignore unhealthy comments and pick the focus tool (learning in silence).

5. Ability to adapt and improvise and overcome obstacles.

In a situation where you can’t afford something you want, think through a similar option.

You can assemble plain sheets of your old exercise books to make a notebook. With glue and clips, you can improvise a perfect notebook to suit your current demand, etc.

6. Ability to read, understand and memorize.

Reading is a difficult assignment which is why understanding also becomes difficult.

Invest a lot in reading because nothing comes easy. Students in general needs the ability to read, understand and memorise classroom lessons for both exams and life.

Memorising life works also. Possessing the ability to sway mistakes by learning the positive outcomes will be good always likewise in the world of business.

7. Ability to walk away.

Walking away from unhealthy lifestyles and chapters is the best way out but it takes skill to accomplish it.

You must always spot the productive aspects of all your relations and stage out the unproductive ones.

Again, destruction happens within a minute but success takes a long period. Walk out of the negative side and focus on the worthy ones.

8. Ability to manage time effectively.

We always hear time is money and money must be managed effectively.

Draw a plan for your money, not money drawing a plan for you because, you worked for money, not money working for you literally.

Always have a plan on how to spend. Save more than you spend and invest at the right time, the right investment, and make sure you understand the wheels of effective plans.

9. Ability to stay positive and optimistic.

Nature blesses those who have a positive and clean heart. Always heed to your work devoid of hate because hate takes productive time away (time to think about yourself).

Be optimistic. Expect the best in all possible ways since a clean heart and productive engagements are your sidelines, always expect the best.

10. Ability to make decisions based on facts not based on emotions.

Success does not consider emotions. It comes to those who are working for it rightfully.

Not all problems can be solved. Also, this statement shouldn’t make you stay in your comfort zone without researching how others are propelling life with good avid decisions.

Facts are well-known and understood, and add to success based on records. Can you boost emotions also?

The world does not buy emotions. Facts are the numbers.

11. Ability to speak in front of a large audience.

Talking to a large group of the populace is a skill you must master. Others become timid and look odd when they face the public.

Take a bold step in quenching that energy.

Business presentations are also won with the ability to stand a large group of people and communicate your plan.

Always, be prepared and ready to scare your timidity.

12. Ability to keep trying even after failure.

Raising after failure is the lesson, not failure. Also, the ability to stand firm after taking a wrong decision is the way out.

Your failure must be a lesson juncture in life, not a period to mourn your losses.

13. Ability to invest money on your own.

Even if you can’t make a complete decision on your own, research your interest area, and learn from failure since that was your first success plan.

Independent decisions are the best. Keep it in mind always.

14. Ability to do things irrespective of situations.

Mourning the loss won’t help. The best way is to work extra harder by taking clues from the worst situation.

Inventors birthed many technologies centuries ago when the current state of technology was not present. Take a clue!

15. Ability to analyse yourself.

You must learn to reflect on your actions because your reflection will pinpoint your strengths and weaknesses which needs a thorough review for the best. Always make true reflections to avoid regrets.

16. Ability to learn how to learn.

Learning is in three (3) folds. Learning, relearning, and unlearning. Make sure you spot and heed to what you what.

Do not mistake any of them because at the end of your lessons the old perception will still be in mind.

17. Ability to understand what others feel.

Nothing is new under the sun. What a generation ago went is not different from what is happening currently.

The only difference is the medium it is happening through. For instance, people were traded years legally as slaves without coming back.

Today, people are also leaving home legally for greener pastures but they refuse to come home due to bad leadership in their countries and other work-related conditions.

On the other edge, the ability to understand what others feel goes down to assist others if you can. Lend a helping hand, not a word of mockery.

18. Ability to maintain consistency.

Success is chalked with consistency. Stay away from unhealthy acts. Always be consistent with your focus.

People out there are glued to your brand due to your continuous efforts, energy, and right dealings.

19. Ability to master your thoughts.

Your thoughts are mighty. It deserves mastery.
Work your thoughts until they materialise.

20. Ability to write words to persuade and influence others.

The skill of influence sells brands, products, and plans, and pays the most if mastered well.

21. Ability to ask for help.

Not all decisions can be taken alone for success. In a situation where the need for help arises, employ the productive helper. Think through situations of this calibre before asking for help.

Always watch out for profits and losses in all you put your mind to because they are all worth it and a breeding ground to nurse all your aspirations.

In a nutshell, these 21 skills, and other accepted ones can pay you forever but, kindly read the above paragraph again.


Sunday, December 11, 2022

How to deal with regular latecomers or absent from a class or school?

How to deal with regular latecomers or absent from a class or school?

Attempt: 1

We, as teachers, should be careful of this issue. Yes, it is complex. Late attendance can be function of mutual disrespect, less interest in the subject, inadequate teaching methods, age of the students.......one strategy fit for all may not work.

Attempt:2

Create competition among latecomers. Mention in class that only first 5 latecomers will be allowed

Attempt:3

Giving a responsibility to late comers may be one of the strategy to give more attention to late comers.

Attempt:4

Make a friendship approach and appreciation for punctual students

Ask the reason for becoming late and remind in the next day the previous reason/ document each day reasons. If that is so the student may regret by him/herself

Lateness is a specific behaviour of a child, it is not a behavioural disorder. Their specific disorder may have a connection with the following one or two reasons:

• Students don’t take responsibility for themselves.

• Students’ expectations are out of line with the teacher's

• Students don’t recognize how their lateness affects others.

• Students don’t perceive the beginning of class as important.

• There is no consequence to being late.

• Students are trying to challenge the teacher’s authority.

• Students are experiencing emotional or psychological problems.

• Students have physical or logistical reasons for coming late.

Reason: 1 Students are learning from their teachers

Teachers who habitually arrive late to class themselves are poor models for their students and should find any reasonable means possible to correct this form of unprofessional behaviour.

Reason:2 Learned from parents and friends - A way of showing off

Habitual lateness to class, much like when friends or family members habitually arrive late for social gatherings and usually infuriate us because of their thoughtlessness, is typically a sign of devaluation of and contempt for teachers and other students who have arrived to class punctually.

¶ How do latecomers disrupt learning?

Latecomers disrupt the learning of the rest of the class, give negative attention to the latecomer, disrupt the teacher's train of thought, often become disruptive talkers after they sit down, and then ask questions about what you just explained

Tips: How can you curtail those problems? 

• Leave one or two empty chairs by the front or back door for latecomers. Students who are late are not to walk in front of the room or to go to their regular seats. They must take one of the "late seats" by the door. This will prevent latecomers from disturbing the class already in progress.
• Do not talk to latecomers. Don't accept a late pass or an explanation during class. Ignore them as they come in and motion them to take the "late seat."
• At the bell, mark anyone not in his or her seat absent by marking a small a in your attendance book. Make sure students understand your "latecomer policy" from the first day of school: If you come in late -- after I've taken attendance -- you have been marked absent. If you want me to change your "absent" record to a "late," you must see me after class. Then, I'll change your a to an l. If you forget to see me after class, your a remains." That policy shifts the responsibility of being on time to the student, who now has the burden of remembering to remain after class to change their absent record to a "late."
• Decide on some system like: three ls equals an a and three as equals 5 points off the class grade. That will motivate students to be on time, and to remain after class to change an their as to ls.
• Post a "do-now!" activity on the board or a sheet of chart paper; this is a quick activity that students do each day at the start of the class period. The assignment is always collected 5 minutes after attendance is taken. If a student comes in late and can't complete the "do-now!" activity, he or she doesn't get credit for it. (You might use the collected papers as a means for recording attendance.)
• Give tests back at the beginning of the period. Students who arrive late do not get their tests back until the end of the period or at the start of the class period tomorrow.
• Sometimes the coordination of an entire school policy on lateness is the best strategy. For instance, one school worked collaboratively to institute a strict policy of locking the classroom doors as soon as the late bell rang. That, coupled with "hall sweeps" of any stragglers, was quite effective. • Latecomers were channeled to a detention room where a careful record of lateness was kept. 

Each infraction carried a consequence:

× After the first lateness, the student got a warning.
× After the third lateness in one day, the student's ID card was held until a parent came to school.

Parents got letters informing them about the plan and enlisting their cooperation.

Tuesday, November 8, 2022

John Holt, How Children Learn

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John Holt, How Children Learn

Children do not need to be made to learn, told what to learn, or shown how. If we give them access to enough of the world, including our own lives and work in that world, they will see clearly enough what things are truly important to us and to others, and they will make for themselves a better path into that world than we could make for them.

The book was originally published in 1967 and updated by Holt in 1983. (The update is as old as I am!) It has an interesting structure: Holt uses long block quotes to break and comment on the original text. Several times throughout the course of reading this book, I underlined a passage and underneath Holt talks about how wrong he was about this or that, what exactly he got wrong, and what he’d do now. (Examples: “I’m not so sure about this anymore,” “I’m not at all happy about this,” “What I did here was a mistake, not necessary, not useful, and if I had continued it for long, probably harmful,” and “What I should have done…”) Since this is a book about a simple, but radical idea — that children are learning animals and that adults should stay out of the way of their natural investigations as much as possible — many of the notes suggest that Holt didn’t think he went far enough in the beginning. It’s an exciting text, because it’s an artifact of someone really grappling with ideas, and also having a conversation with themselves. (When’s the last time you read an author arguing with himself?)

The book is summarized by Holt in the very beginning:

All I am saying in this book can be summed up in two words—Trust Children. Nothing could be more simple—or more difficult. Difficult, because to trust children we must trust ourselves—and most of us were taught as children that we could not be trusted. And so we go on treating children as we ourselves were treated, calling this “reality,” or saying bitterly, “If I could put up with it, they can too.”

His mission:

This book is more about children than about child psychology. I hope those who read it will come to feel, or feel more than when they opened it, that children are interesting and worth looking at.

He writes that a friend said to him after reading the book, “I always was very fond of little children, especially my own. But until now I could never have imagined that they might be interesting.”

Holt’s work has really shaken me up, blown my mind, and given me a different way of thinking about my kids. Some of my favorite bits, below.

Children are natural learners.

“It is before they get to school that children are likely to do their best learning.”

The child is curious. He wants to make sense out of things, find out how things work, gain competence and control over himself and his environment, do what he can see other people doing. He is open, receptive, and perceptive. He does not shut himself off from the strange, confused, complicated world around him. He observes it closely and sharply, tries to take it all in. He is experimental. He does not merely observe the world around him, but tastes it, touches it, hefts it, bends it, breaks it. To find out how reality works, he works on it. He is bold. He is not afraid of making mistakes. And he is patient. He can tolerate and extraordinary amount of uncertainty, confusion, ignorance, and suspense. He does not have to have instant meaning in any new situation. He is willing and able to wait for meaning to come to him—even if it comes very slowly, which it usually does… To this I would add something even more important. Children even as young as two want not just to learn about but to be a part of our adult world. They want to become skillful, careful, able to do things and make things as we do.

What I am trying to say about education rests on a belief that, though there is much evidence to support it, I cannot prove, and that may never be proved. Call it a faith. This faith is that man is by nature a learning animal. Birds fly, fish swim; man thinks and learns. Therefore, we do not need to “motivate” children into learning, by wheedling, bribing, or bullying. We do not need to keep picking away at their minds to make sure they are learning. What we need to do, and all we need to do, is bring as much of the world as we can into the school and the classroom; give children as much help and guidance as they need and ask for; listen respectfully when they feel like talking; and then get out of the way. We can trust them to do the rest.

Children want to be part of the real world.

Children want to be like adults and older children:

Children, at least before they meet the ready-made fantasies of TV, don’t want to be omnipotent. They just want not to be impotent. They want to be able to do what the bigger people around them do—read, write, go places, use tools and machines. Above all, they want, like the big people, to control their immediate physical lives, to stand, sit, walk, eat, and sleep where and when they want… They [don’t] run around pretending to be Superman. Such fantasies have to be learned from the adults who invent and sell them.

They should be included in as much of our everyday lives as possible, and see adults doing real work:

[H]ow much children must have learned from watching people do real work, in the days when a child could see people doing real work. It is not so easy to manage this now. So much of the so-called work done in our society is not work at all, certainly not as a child could understand it… It is in every way useful for children to see adults doing real work and, wherever possible, to be able to help them.

We should also include them in our conversations:

Babies and young children like to hear adult conversation, and will often sit quietly for a long time, just to hear it. If we want to help little children as they learn to talk, one way to do it is by talking to them—provided we do it naturally and unaffectedly—and by letting them be around when we talk to other people.

Children don’t want to be told what to learn.

Children resist, almost always angrily, all such unasked-for teaching because they hear in it the (perhaps unconscious) message, “You’re not smart enough to see that this is important to learn, and even if you were, you’re not smart enough to learn it.” Naturally it makes them hurt and angry. “Let me do it by myself!” they shout. That’s just what we should do.

Education is “the game of trying to find out how the world works.”

Children seek out meaning, which is to say, whatever helps them make the most sense of the world they live in… We do things backwards. We think in terms of getting a skill first, and then finding useful and interesting things to do with it. The sensible way, the best way, is to start with something worth doing, and then, moved by a strong desire to do it, get whatever skills are needed.

Children learn at their own pace, often in spurts.

Timetables! We act as if children were railroad trains running on a schedule… They don’t learn at an even rate. They learn in spurts, and the more interested they are in what they are learning, the faster these spurts are likely to be… Not only that, but they often don’t learn in what seems to us a logical sequence, by which we mean easy things first, hard things later. Being always seekers of meaning, children may first go to the hard things, which have more meaning…

If we give them space to learn at their own pace, they go further and farther:

They see the world as a whole, mysterious perhaps, but a whole none the less. They do not divide it up into airtight little categories, as we adults tend to do. It is natural for them to jump from one thing to another, and to make the kinds of connections that are rarely made in formal classes and textbooks. They make their own paths into the unknown, paths that we would never think of making for them… Finally, when they are following their own noses, learning what they are curious about, children go faster, cover more territory than we would ever think of trying to mark out for them, or make them cover.

We should put them in control:

What is essential is to realize that children learn independently, not in bunches; that they learn out of interest and curiosity, not to please or appease the adults in power; and that they ought to be in control of their own learning, deciding for themselves what they want to learn and how they want to learn it.

Children don’t need to be tested or quizzed.

Our constant checking up on children’s learning so often prevents and destroys learning, and even in time most of the capacity to learn. In How Children Fail, I said that the anxiety children feel at constantly being tested, their fear of failure, punishment, and disgrace, severely reduces their ability both to perceive and to remember, and drives them away from the material being studied and into strategies for fooling teachers into thinking they know what they really don’t know.

And:

When we constantly ask children questions to find out whether they know something (or prove to ourselves that they don’t), we almost always cut short the slow process by which, testing their hunches against experience, they turn them into secure knowledge. Asking children questions about things they are only just beginning to learn is like sitting in a chair which has only just been glued. The structure collapses.

If we want to do our best learning, it might be good to emulate children.

We must clear [our minds] of preconceived notions, we must suspend judgement, we must open ourselves to the situation, take in as much data as we can, and wait patiently for some kind of order to appear out of the chaos. In short, we must think like a little child…. Remember what you have learned about learning. Be like a child. Use your eyes. Gag that teacher’s mouth inside your head, asking all those questions. Don’t try to analyze this thing, look at it, take it in…. The only thing to do [is] to turn off the questions and watch—like a child. Take it all in. See everything, worry about nothing.

Helping children learn is not so much about technique as it is about attitude.

A punk rock sentence: “It is not so much a matter of technique as of spirit.”

The spirit of [playing] games is everything. The only good reason for playing games with babies is because we love them, and delight in playing these games with them and in sharing their delight in playing—not because we want someday to get them into college. It is our delight in the baby and the games that make the games fun, and worthwhile and useful for the baby. Take away the delight, and put in its place some cold-hearted calculation about future I.Q. and SAT scores, and we kill the game, for ourselves and the baby.

Parents might want to think of ourselves as librarians, rather than teachers.

“One of the most important things teachers can do for any learner is to make the learner less and less dependent on them.”

Each new thing they learn makes them aware of other new things to be learned. Their curiosity grows by what it feeds on. Our task is to keep it well supplied with food… Keeping their curiosity “well supplied with food” doesn’t mean feeding them, or telling them what they have to feed themselves. It means putting within their reach the widest possible variety and quantity of good food—like taking them to a supermarket with no junk food in it (if we can imagine such a thing).

The way to learn about children is to love them, to really look at and listen to them.

Holt is skeptical about how much brain research will really tell you about children. In some ways, he approaches children more like an artist: his instructions are to simply love them, and look at them, really look at them, and record what you see. He quotes psychiatrist R.D. Laing as saying, “Love reveals facts which, without it, remain undisclosed.”

Children are our greatest resource.

What is lovely about children is that they can make such a production, such a big deal, out of everything, or nothing. From my office I see many families walking down Boylston Street with their little children. The adults plod along, the children twirl, leap, skip, run now to this side and now to that, look for things to step or jump over or walk along or around, climb on anything that can be climbed.

I never want to be where I cannot see it. All that energy and foolishness, all that curiosity, questions, talk, all those fierce passions, inconsolable sorrows, immoderate joys, seem to many a nuisance to be endured, if not a disease to be cured. To me they are a national asset, a treasure beyond price, more necessary to our health and our very survival than any oil or uranium or—name what you will.

Little children love the world. That is why they are so good at learning about it. For it is love, not tricks and techniques of thought, that lies at the heart of all true learning.

AZEEZ

Pooma UNV

роЬாрой் ро╣ோро▓்роЯ், роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роОрок்рокроЯி роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ைроХ் роХро▒்роХро╡ோ, роОродைроХ் роХро▒்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой்ро▒ு роЪொро▓்ро▓ро╡ோ, роОрок்рокроЯிроХ் роХாроЯ்роЯро╡ோ родேро╡ைропிро▓்ро▓ை.  роироо்рооுроЯைроп роЪொрои்род ро╡ாро┤்роХ்роХை рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЕрои்род роЙро▓роХிро▓் ро╡ேро▓ை роЪெроп்ро╡родு роЙроЯ்рокроЯ, рокோродுрооாрой роЕро│ро╡ு роЙро▓роХрод்родிро▒்роХாрой роЕрогுроХро▓ை роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХிройாро▓், роироороХ்роХுроо் рооро▒்ро▒ро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХுроо் роЙрог்рооைропிро▓ேропே рооுроХ்роХிропрооாрой ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│் роОрой்рой роОрой்рокродை роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் родெро│ிро╡ாроХроХ் роХாрог்рокாро░்роХро│், рооேро▓ுроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЕрои்род роЙро▓роХрод்родிро▒்роХு роЪிро▒рои்род рокாродைропை роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХுро╡ாро░்роХро│்.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХாроХ роиாроо் роЪெроп்роп рооுроЯிропுроо்.

рокுрод்родроХроо் рооுродро▓ிро▓் 1967 роЗро▓் ро╡ெро│ிропிроЯрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் 1983 роЗро▓் ро╣ோро▓்роЯ்роЯாро▓் рокுродுрок்рокிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு. (рокுродுрок்рокிрок்рокு роОрой்ройைрок் рокோро▓ро╡ே рокро┤ைропродு!) роЗродு роТро░ு роЪுро╡ாро░ро╕்ропрооாрой роХроЯ்роЯрооைрок்рокைроХ் роХொрог்роЯுро│்ро│родு: роЕроЪро▓் роЙро░ைропை роЙроЯைрод்родு роХро░ுрод்родு родெро░ிро╡ிроХ்роХ ро╣ோро▓்роЯ் роиீрог்роЯ рокிро│ாроХ் рооேро▒்роХோро│்роХро│ைрок் рокропрой்рокроЯுрод்родுроХிро▒ாро░்.  роЗрои்родрок் рокுрод்родроХрод்родைрок் рокроЯிроХ்роХுроо் рокோродு рокро▓рооுро▒ை, роиாрой் роТро░ு рокрод்родிропை роЕроЯிроХ்роХோроЯிроЯ்роЯுроХ் роХாроЯ்роЯிройேрой், ро╣ோро▓்роЯ் роЗродைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிропோ роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЕродைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிропோ роОро╡்ро╡ро│ро╡ு родро╡ро▒ு роЪெроп்родாро░், роЕро╡ро░் роЪро░ிропாроХ роОрой்рой родро╡ро▒ு роЪெроп்родாро░், роЗрок்рокோродு роЕро╡ро░் роОрой்рой роЪெроп்ро╡ாро░் роОрой்рокродைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி рокேроЪுроХிро▒ாро░்.  (роОроЯுрод்родுроХ்роХாроЯ்роЯுроХро│்: "роОройроХ்роХு роЗродைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роЕро╡்ро╡ро│ро╡ு роЙро▒ுродிропாроХ родெро░ிропро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை," "роиாрой் роЗродைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роЪிро▒ிродுроо் роороХிро┤்роЪ்роЪிропроЯைропро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை," "роиாрой் роЗроЩ்роХே роЪெроп்родродு роТро░ு родро╡ро▒ு, роЕро╡роЪிропрооிро▓்ро▓ை, рокропройுро│்ро│родு роЕро▓்ро▓, роиாрой் роЕродை роиீрог்роЯ роХாро▓рооாроХ родொроЯро░்рои்родிро░ுрои்родாро▓்  , роЕроиேроХрооாроХ родீроЩ்роХு ро╡ிро│ைро╡ிроХ்роХுроо்,” рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் “роиாрой் роОрой்рой роЪெроп்родிро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்…”) роЗродு роТро░ு роОро│ிроп, роЖройாро▓் родீро╡ிро░рооாрой ропோроЪройைропைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிроп рокுрод்родроХроо் роОрой்рокродாро▓் - роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் ро╡ிро▓роЩ்роХுроХро│ைроХ் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│் родроЩ்роХро│் роЗропро▒்роХைропாрой ро╡ிроЪாро░рогைроХро│ிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு рооுроЯிрои்родро╡ро░ை ро╡ிро▓роХி роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.  — рокро▓ роХுро▒ிрок்рокுроХро│் ро╣ோро▓்роЯ் роЖро░роо்рокрод்родிро▓் рокோродுрооாрой роЕро│ро╡ு роЪெрой்ро▒родாроХ роиிройைроХ்роХро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை роОрой்ро▒ு роХூро▒ுроХிрой்ро▒рой.  роЗродு роТро░ு роЙро▒்роЪாроХрооாрой роЙро░ை, роПройெрой்ро▒ாро▓் роЗродு ропாро░ோ роТро░ுро╡ро░் роЙрог்рооைропிро▓ேропே ропோроЪройைроХро│ைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிроХ்роХொро│்ро│ுроо் роТро░ு роХро▓ைрок்рокொро░ுро│ாроХுроо், рооேро▓ுроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроЯрой் роЙро░ைропாроЯро▓ுроо்.  (роТро░ு роОро┤ுрод்родாро│ро░் родрой்ройுроЯрой் ро╡ாродிроЯுро╡родை роиீроЩ்роХро│் роХроЯைроЪிропாроХ роОрок்рокோродு рокроЯிрод்родீро░்роХро│்?)

роЪுро░ுроХ்роХрооாроХ:

роЗрои்род рокுрод்родроХрод்родிро▓் роиாрой் роЪொро▓்ро╡родை роЗро░рог்роЯு ро╡ாро░்род்родைроХро│ிро▓் роЪுро░ுроХ்роХро▓ாроо் - роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை роироо்рокுроЩ்роХро│்.  роОродுро╡ுроо் роОро│ிрооைропாройродாроХро╡ோ роЕро▓்ро▓родு роХроЯிройрооாроХро╡ோ роЗро░ுроХ்роХ рооுроЯிропாродு.  роХроЯிройроо், роПройெрой்ро▒ாро▓் роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை роироо்рокுро╡родро▒்роХு роиாроо் роироо்рооை роироо்рок ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் - рооேро▓ுроо் роироо்рооிро▓் рокெро░ுроо்рокாро▓ோро░் роироо்рооை роироо்рок рооுроЯிропாродு роОрой்ро▒ு роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ாроХроХ் роХро▒்рокிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுроХிро▒ோроо்.  роОройро╡ே роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை роиாрооே роироЯрод்родுро╡родு рокோро▓் роироЯрод்родுроХிро▒ோроо், роЗродை "роиிроЬроо்" роОрой்ро▒ு роЕро┤ைроХ்роХிро▒ோроо் роЕро▓்ро▓родு "роОрой்ройாро▓் рокொро▒ுрод்родுроХ்роХொро│்ро│ рооுроЯிрои்родாро▓், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ாро▓் роХூроЯ рооுроЯிропுроо்" роОрой்ро▒ு роХроЪрок்рокுроЯрой் роХூро▒ுроХிро▒ோроо்.

роЕро╡ро░родு рокрогி:

роЗрои்род рокுрод்родроХроо் роХுро┤рои்родை роЙро│ро╡ிропро▓் рокро▒்ро▒ி ро╡ிроЯ роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை рокро▒்ро▒ிропродு.  роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роЪுро╡ாро░ро╕்ропрооாроХро╡ுроо், рокாро░்роХ்роХрод் родроХுрои்родро╡ро░்роХро│ாроХро╡ுроо் роЗро░ுрок்рокродைрок் рокроЯிроХ்роХிро▒ро╡ро░்роХро│், роЕродைрод் родிро▒рои்родு рокாро░்род்родродை ро╡ிроЯ роЕродிроХрооாроХ роЙрогро░ுро╡ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்ро▒ு роироо்рокுроХிро▒ேрой்.

рокுрод்родроХрод்родைрок் рокроЯிрод்род рокிро▒роХு роТро░ு роирог்рокро░் родрой்ройிроЯроо் роХூро▒ிропродாроХ роЕро╡ро░் роОро┤ுродுроХிро▒ாро░், “роОройроХ்роХு роОрок்рокோродுрооே роЪிро▒ு роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை, роХுро▒ிрок்рокாроХ роОрой்ройுроЯைроп роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை рооிроХро╡ுроо் рокிроЯிроХ்роХுроо்.  роЖройாро▓் роЕро╡ை роЪுро╡ாро░ро╕்ропрооாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХுроо் роОрой்ро▒ு роЗродுро╡ро░ை роОрой்ройாро▓் роиிройைрод்родுроХ்роХூроЯ рокாро░்роХ்роХ рооுроЯிропро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை.

ро╣ோро▓்роЯ்роЯிрой் рокрогி роЙрог்рооைропிро▓் роОрой்ройை роЙро▓ுроХ்роХி, роОрой் рооройродை роЙро▓ுроХ்роХி, роОрой் роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роОройроХ்роХு ро╡ிрод்родிропாроЪрооாрой роЪிрои்родройைропைроХ் роХொроЯுрод்родродு.  роОройроХ்роХுрок் рокிроЯிрод்род роЪிро▓ рокிроЯ்роХро│், роХீро┤ே.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роЗропро▒்роХைропாроХро╡ே роХро▒்рокро╡ро░்роХро│்.

"роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рокро│்ро│ிроХ்роХுроЪ் роЪெро▓்ро╡родро▒்роХு рооுрой்рокுродாрой் роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் родроЩ்роХро│் роЪிро▒рои்род роХро▒்ро▒ро▓ைроЪ் роЪெроп்роп ро╡ாроп்рок்рокுро│்ро│родு."

роХுро┤рои்родை роЖро░்ро╡рооாроХ роЙро│்ро│родு.  роЕро╡ро░் ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ைрок் рокுро░ிрои்родு роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░், ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│் роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роЪெропро▓்рокроЯுроХிрой்ро▒рой роОрой்рокродைроХ் роХрог்роЯро▒ிропро╡ுроо், родிро▒рооை рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் родрой் рооீродுроо் родройродு роЪுро▒்ро▒ுроЪ்роЪூро┤ро▓ிрой் рооீродுроо் роХроЯ்роЯுрок்рокாроЯ்роЯைрок் рокெро▒ро╡ுроо், рооро▒்ро▒ро╡ро░்роХро│் роЪெроп்ро╡родைрок் рокாро░்роХ்роХро╡ுроо் роЕро╡ро░் ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்.  роЕро╡ро░் родிро▒рои்род, роПро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро│ுроо் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЙрогро░்родிро▒рой் роХொрог்роЯро╡ро░்.  роЕро╡ро░் родрой்ройைроЪ் роЪுро▒்ро▒ிропுро│்ро│ ро╡ிроЪிрод்родிро░рооாрой, роХுро┤рок்рокрооாрой, роЪிроХ்роХро▓ாрой роЙро▓роХрод்родிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு родрой்ройை рооூроЯிроХ்роХொро│்ро╡родிро▓்ро▓ை.  роЕро╡ро░் роЕродை роЙрой்ройிрок்рокாроХро╡ுроо் роХூро░்рооைропாроХро╡ுроо் роХро╡ройிроХ்роХிро▒ாро░், роЕройைрод்родைропுроо் роЙро│்ро╡ாроЩ்роХ рооுропро▒்роЪிроХ்роХிро▒ாро░். роЕро╡ро░் рокро░ிроЪோродройைропிро▓் роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்.  роЕро╡ро░் родрой்ройைроЪ் роЪுро▒்ро▒ிропுро│்ро│ роЙро▓роХрод்родை ро╡ெро▒ுрооройே роХро╡ройிроХ்роХро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை, роЖройாро▓் роЕродை роЪுро╡ைроХ்роХிро▒ாро░், родொроЯுроХிро▒ாро░், роЕродை роЙропро░்род்родுроХிро▒ாро░், ро╡ро│ைроХ்роХிро▒ாро░், роЙроЯைроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்.  роЙрог்рооை роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роЪெропро▓்рокроЯுроХிро▒родு роОрой்рокродைроХ் роХрог்роЯро▒ிроп, роЕро╡ро░் роЕродிро▓் ро╡ேро▓ை роЪெроп்роХிро▒ாро░்.  роЕро╡ро░் родைро░ிропрооாройро╡ро░்.  роЕро╡ро░் родро╡ро▒ு роЪெроп்роп рокропрок்рокроЯுро╡родிро▓்ро▓ை.  рооேро▓ுроо் роЕро╡ро░் рокொро▒ுрооைропாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்.  роиிроЪ்роЪропрооро▒்ро▒ родрой்рооை, роХுро┤рок்рокроо், роЕро▒ிропாрооை рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЪро╕்рокெрой்ро╕் роЖроХிропро╡ро▒்ро▒ை роЕро╡ро░் роЪроХிрод்родுроХ்роХொро│்ро│ рооுроЯிропுроо்.  роОрои்родро╡ொро░ு рокுродிроп роЪூро┤்роиிро▓ைропிро▓ுроо் роЕро╡ро░ுроХ்роХு роЙроЯройроЯி роЕро░்род்родроо் роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯிропродிро▓்ро▓ை.  роЕро╡ро░ுроХ்роХு роЕро░்род்родроо் ро╡ро░ுроо் ро╡ро░ை роХாрод்родிро░ுроХ்роХ роЕро╡ро░் родропாро░ாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்-роЕродு рооிроХро╡ுроо் рооெродுро╡ாроХ ро╡рои்родாро▓ுроо், роЕродு ро╡ро┤роХ்роХрооாроХ роЪெроп்ропுроо்... роЗродро▒்роХு роиாрой் роЗрой்ройுроо் рооுроХ்роХிропрооாрой роТрой்ро▒ைроЪ் роЪேро░்рок்рокேрой்.  роЗро░рог்роЯு ро╡ропродிро▒்роХுроЯ்рокроЯ்роЯ роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роХூроЯ роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுро╡родிро▓்ро▓ை, роЖройாро▓் роироо் ро╡ропродுро╡рои்род роЙро▓роХிрой் роТро░ு рокроХுродிропாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் родிро▒рооைропாройро╡ро░்роХро│ாроХро╡ுроо், роХро╡ройрооாроХро╡ுроо், ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ைроЪ் роЪெроп்ропроХ்роХூроЯிропро╡ро░்роХро│ாроХро╡ுроо், роироо்рооைрок் рокோро▓ро╡ே ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ைроЪ் роЪெроп்ропро╡ுроо் ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.

роХро▓்ро╡ிропைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роиாрой் роХூро▒ рооுропро▓்ро╡родு, роЕродை роЖродро░ிроХ்роХ роиிро▒ைроп роЖродாро░роЩ்роХро│் роЗро░ுрои்родாро▓ுроо், роОрой்ройாро▓் роиிро░ூрокிроХ்роХ рооுроЯிропாродு, роЕродு роТро░ுрокோродுроо் роиிро░ூрокிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯாродு роОрой்ро▒ роироо்рокிроХ்роХைропிро▓் родроЩ்роХிропுро│்ро│родு.  роЕродை роТро░ு роироо்рокிроХ்роХை роОрой்ро▒ு роЕро┤ைроХ்роХро╡ுроо்.  рооройிродрой் роЗропро▓்рокிро▓ேропே роХро▒்роХுроо் ро╡ிро▓роЩ்роХு роОрой்рокродு роЗрои்род роироо்рокிроХ்роХை.  рокро▒ро╡ைроХро│் рокро▒роХ்роХிрой்ро▒рой, рооீрой்роХро│் роиீрои்родுроХிрой்ро▒рой;  рооройிродрой் роЪிрои்родிроХ்роХிро▒ாрой், роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாрой்.  роОройро╡ே, ро╡ீроЯ்ро▓ிроЩ், ро▓роЮ்роЪроо் роЕро▓்ро▓родு роХொроЯுрооைрок்рокроЯுрод்родுродро▓் рокோрой்ро▒ро╡ро▒்ро▒ிрой் рооூро▓роо் роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை роХро▒்ро▒ро▓ுроХ்роХு "роКроХ்роХுро╡ிрод்родро▓்" родேро╡ைропிро▓்ро▓ை.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்рокродை роЙро▒ுродிрок்рокроЯுрод்род роиாроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் рооройродைрод் родூроХ்роХி роОро▒ிроп ро╡ேрог்роЯிроп роЕро╡роЪிропрооிро▓்ро▓ை.  роиாроо் роЪெроп்роп ро╡ேрог்роЯிропродு, роиாроо் роЪெроп்роп ро╡ேрог்роЯிропродு роОро▓்ро▓ாроо், рокро│்ро│ிропிро▓ுроо் ро╡роХுрок்рокро▒ைропிро▓ுроо் роироо்рооாро▓் роЗропрой்ро▒ роЕро│ро╡ு роЙро▓роХрод்родை роХொрог்роЯு ро╡ро░ுро╡родுродாрой்;  роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроХ்роХுрод் родேро╡ைропாрой роЙродро╡ிропைропுроо் ро╡ро┤ிроХாроЯ்роЯுродро▓ைропுроо் ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХро╡ுроо், роХேроЯ்роХро╡ுроо்;  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рокேроЪ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроо்рокோродு рооро░ிропாродைропுроЯрой் роХேро│ுроЩ்роХро│்;  рокிрой்ройро░் ро╡ро┤ிропிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு ро╡ெро│ிропேро▒ுроЩ்роХро│்.  рооீродிропை роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЪெроп்ро╡ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்ро▒ு роироо்рокро▓ாроо்.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роЙрог்рооைропாрой роЙро▓роХிрой் роТро░ு рокроХுродிропாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் рокெро░ிроп роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ைрок் рокோро▓ роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்:

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│், роХுро▒ைрои்родрокроЯ்роЪроо் роЯிро╡ிропிрой் роЖропрод்род роХро▒்рокройைроХро│ை роЪрои்родிрок்рокродро▒்роХு рооுрой்рокே, роЪро░்ро╡ ро╡ро▓்ро▓рооைропுро│்ро│ро╡ро░்роХро│ாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЖрог்рооைроХ்роХுро▒ைро╡ாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХроХ்роХூроЯாродு роОрой்ро▒ு ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ைроЪ் роЪுро▒்ро▒ிропுро│்ро│ рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│் роОрой்рой роЪெроп்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் - рокроЯிроХ்роХ, роОро┤ுрод, роЗроЯроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХுроЪ் роЪெро▓்ро▓, роХро░ுро╡ிроХро│் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЗропрои்родிро░роЩ்роХро│ைрок் рокропрой்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡родை роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЪெроп்роп ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.  роОро▓்ро▓ாро╡ро▒்ро▒ிро▒்роХுроо் рооேро▓ாроХ, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рокெро░ிроп рооройிродро░்роХро│ைрок் рокோро▓ро╡ே, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роЙроЯройроЯி роЙроЯро▓் ро╡ாро┤்роХ்роХைропைроХ் роХроЯ்роЯுрок்рокроЯுрод்родро╡ுроо், роиிро▒்роХро╡ுроо், роЙроЯ்роХாро░ро╡ுроо், роироЯроХ்роХро╡ுроо், роЪாрок்рокிроЯро╡ுроо் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроо் роЗроЯрод்родிро▓் родூроЩ்роХро╡ுроо் ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்… роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЪூрок்рокро░்рооேрой் рокோро▓் рокாроЪாроЩ்роХு роЪெроп்родு роУроЯ рооாроЯ்роЯாро░்роХро│்.  роЗрод்родроХைроп роХро▒்рокройைроХро│ை роХрог்роЯுрокிроЯிрод்родு ро╡ிро▒்роХுроо் рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│ிроЯроо் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.

роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рооுроЯிрои்родро╡ро░ை роироородு роЕрой்ро▒ாроЯ ро╡ாро┤்ро╡ிро▓் роЪேро░்роХ்роХрок்рокроЯ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо், рооேро▓ுроо் рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│் роЙрог்рооைропாрой ро╡ேро▓ைропைроЪ் роЪெроп்ро╡родைрок் рокாро░்роХ்роХро╡ுроо்:

роТро░ு роХுро┤рои்родை роЙрог்рооைропாрой ро╡ேро▓ைропைроЪ் роЪெроп்рокро╡ро░்роХро│ைроХ் роХாрогроХ்роХூроЯிроп роиாроЯ்роХро│ிро▓், роороХ்роХро│் роЙрог்рооைропாрой ро╡ேро▓ைропைроЪ் роЪெроп்ро╡родைрок் рокாро░்род்родு роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роОро╡்ро╡ро│ро╡ு роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொрог்роЯிро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.  роЗродை роЗрок்рокோродு роиிро░்ро╡роХிрок்рокродு роЕро╡்ро╡ро│ро╡ு роОро│ிродро▓்ро▓.  роироо் роЪрооூроХрод்родிро▓் роЪெроп்ропрок்рокроЯுроо் рокро▓ ро╡ேро▓ைроХро│் ро╡ேро▓ைропே роЗро▓்ро▓ை, роиிроЪ்роЪропрооாроХ роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ாро▓் рокுро░ிрои்родு роХொро│்ро│ рооுроЯிропாродு... рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│் роЙрог்рооைропாрой ро╡ேро▓ைропைроЪ் роЪெроп்ро╡родைрок் рокாро░்рок்рокродு роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроХ்роХு роОро▓்ро▓ா ро╡роХைропிро▓ுроо் рокропройுро│்ро│родாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХுроо்.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЙродро╡ுроЩ்роХро│்.

роЕро╡ро▒்ро▒ைропுроо் роироородு роЙро░ைропாроЯро▓்роХро│ிро▓் роЪேро░்роХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்:

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроо் роЪிро▒ு роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроо் ро╡ропродு ро╡рои்родோро░ுроХ்роХாрой роЙро░ைропாроЯро▓ைроХ் роХேроЯ்роХ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், рооேро▓ுроо் роЕродைроХ் роХேроЯ்рокродро▒்роХாроХ роиீрог்роЯ роиேро░роо் роЕрооைродிропாроХ роЙроЯ்роХாро░்рои்родிро░ுрок்рокாро░்роХро│்.  роЪிро▒ு рокிро│்ро│ைроХро│் рокேроЪроХ் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ுроо்рокோродு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЙродро╡ роиாроо் ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокிройாро▓், роЕродைроЪ் роЪெроп்ро╡родро▒்роХாрой роТро░ு ро╡ро┤ி, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроЯрой் рокேроЪுро╡родு—роЗропро▒்роХைропாроХро╡ுроо், рокாродிрок்рокிрой்ро▒ிропுроо் роЪெроп்ро╡ோроо்—рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் рооро▒்ро▒ро╡ро░்роХро│ுроЯрой் рокேроЪுроо்рокோродு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роЕро░ுроХிро▓் роЗро░ுроХ்роХ роЕройுроородிрок்рокродு.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роОродைроХ் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой்ро▒ு роЪொро▓்ро▓ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுро╡родிро▓்ро▓ை.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роОрок்рокோродுроо் роХோрокрооாроХ, роХேроЯ்роХрок்рокроЯாрод рокோродройைроХро│ை роОродிро░்роХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роПройெройிро▓் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЕродிро▓் (роТро░ுро╡ேро│ை рооропроХ்роХ роиிро▓ைропிро▓்) роЪெроп்родிропைроХ் роХேроЯ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், "роЗродு роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро╡родு рооுроХ்роХிропроо் роОрой்рокродைроХ் роХாрогுроо் роЕро│ро╡ுроХ்роХு роиீроЩ்роХро│் рокுрод்родிроЪாро▓ி роЗро▓்ро▓ை, роиீроЩ்роХро│் роЗро░ுрои்родாро▓ுроо் роХூроЯ, роиீроЩ்роХро│்  роЕродைроХ் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ுроо் роЕро│ро╡ுроХ்роХு рокுрод்родிроЪாро▓ி роЗро▓்ро▓ை."  роЗропро▒்роХைропாроХро╡ே роЕродு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роХாропрок்рокроЯுрод்родுроХிро▒родு рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роХோрокрок்рокроЯுрод்родுроХிро▒родு.  "роиாройே роЕродை роЪெроп்ропроЯ்роЯுроо்!"  роОрой்ро▒ு роХрод்родுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.  роЕродைрод்родாрой் роиாроо் роЪெроп்роп ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.

роХро▓்ро╡ி роОрой்рокродு "роЙро▓роХроо் роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роЗропроЩ்роХுроХிро▒родு роОрой்рокродைроХ் роХрог்роЯро▒ிропுроо் ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯ்роЯு."

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роЕро░்род்родрод்родைрод் родேроЯுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роЕродாро╡родு, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் ро╡ாро┤ுроо் роЙро▓роХрод்родைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роЕродிроХроо் роЙрогро░ роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роОродு роЙродро╡ுроХிро▒родோ роЕродுро╡ே... роиாроо் ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ைрок் рокிрой்роиோроХ்роХிроЪ் роЪெроп்роХிро▒ோроо்.  рооுродро▓ிро▓் роТро░ு родிро▒рооைропைрок் рокெро▒ுро╡родு, роЕродрой் рокிро▒роХு рокропройுро│்ро│ рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЪுро╡ாро░ро╕்ропрооாрой ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ைроХ் роХрог்роЯுрокிроЯிрок்рокродு роОрой்ро▒ роЕроЯிрок்рокроЯைропிро▓் роиாроЩ்роХро│் роЪிрои்родிроХ்роХிро▒ோроо்.  рокுрод்родிроЪாро▓ிрод்родройрооாрой ро╡ро┤ி, роЪிро▒рои்род ро╡ро┤ி, роЪெроп்ропрод் родроХுрои்род роТрой்ро▒ைрод் родொроЯроЩ்роХுро╡родு, рокிрой்ройро░், роЕродைроЪ் роЪெроп்ро╡родро▒்роХாрой ро╡ро▓ுро╡ாрой ро╡ிро░ுрок்рокрод்родாро▓் роироХро░்рои்родு, родேро╡ைропாрой родிро▒рой்роХро│ைрок் рокெро▒ுро╡родு.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் родроЩ்роХро│் роЪொрои்род ро╡ேроХрод்родிро▓் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், рокெро░ுроо்рокாро▓ுроо் ро╡ேроХрод்родிро▓்.

роХாро▓ роЕроЯ்роЯро╡рогைроХро│்!  роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роТро░ு роХாро▓ роЕроЯ்роЯро╡рогைропிро▓் роУроЯுроо் роЗро░ропிро▓் ро░ропிро▓்роХро│ைрок் рокோро▓ роиாроЩ்роХро│் роЪெропро▓்рокроЯுроХிро▒ோроо்... роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЪроорооாрой ро╡ிроХிродрод்родிро▓் роХро▒்роХ рооாроЯ்роЯாро░்роХро│்.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் ро╕்рокро░்роЯ்роХро│ிро▓் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், рооேро▓ுроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роОрой்рой роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்рокродிро▓் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЕродிроХ роЖро░்ро╡роо் роХாроЯ்роЯுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роЗрои்род ро╡ேроХроо் ро╡ேроХрооாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХுроо்… роЕродுроороЯ்роЯுрооро▓்ро▓, роЖройாро▓் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рокெро░ுроо்рокாро▓ுроо் роироороХ்роХுрод் родோрой்ро▒ுроо் роТро░ு родро░்роХ்роХ ро╡ро░ிроЪைропை роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ рооாроЯ்роЯாро░்роХро│், роЗродрой் рооூро▓роо் роиாроо் роЪொро▓்роХிро▒ோроо்.  рооுродро▓ிро▓் роОро│ிродாрой ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│், рокிрой்ройро░் роХроЯிройрооாрой ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│்.  роОрок்рокோродுроо் роЕро░்род்родрод்родைрод் родேроЯுрокро╡ро░்роХро│ாроХ роЗро░ுрок்рокродாро▓், роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் рооுродро▓ிро▓் роХроЯிройрооாрой ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХுроЪ் роЪெро▓்ро▓ро▓ாроо், роЕро╡ை роЕродிроХ роЕро░்род்родрооுро│்ро│ро╡ை...

роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роЪொрои்род ро╡ேроХрод்родிро▓் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ роиாроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЗроЯроо் роХொроЯுрод்родாро▓், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рооேро▓ுроо் рооேро▓ுроо் рооேро▓ுроо் роЪெро▓்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்:

роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЙро▓роХை рооுро┤ுро╡родுрооாроХрок் рокாро░்роХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роТро░ுро╡ேро│ை рооро░்роорооாройродாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХро▓ாроо், роЖройாро▓் рооுро┤ுрооைропுроо் роХுро▒ைро╡ாроХ роЗро▓்ро▓ை.  рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│் роиாроо் роЪெроп்ро╡родு рокோро▓ роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЕродை роХாро▒்ро▒ு рокுроХாрод роЪிро▒ிроп ро╡роХைроХро│ாроХрок் рокிро░ிрок்рокродிро▓்ро▓ை.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роТро░ு ро╡ிро╖ропрод்родிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு роЗрой்ройொро░ு ро╡ிро╖ропрод்родிро▒்роХுрод் родாро╡ுро╡родுроо், рооுро▒ைропாрой ро╡роХுрок்рокுроХро│் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் рокாроЯрок்рокுрод்родроХроЩ்роХро│ிро▓் роЕро░ிродாроХро╡ே роЪெроп்ропрок்рокроЯுроо் роЗрогைрок்рокுроХро│ை роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХுро╡родுроо் роЗропро▒்роХைропாройродு.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் родроЩ்роХро│் роЪொрои்род рокாродைроХро│ை роЕро▒ிропாродро╡ро░்роХро│ாроХро╡ுроо், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХாроХ роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХ роиிройைроХ்роХாрод рокாродைроХро│ாроХро╡ுроо் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் ... роЗро▒ுродிропாроХ, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் родроЩ்роХро│் роЪொрои்род рооூроХ்роХைрок் рокிрой்родொроЯро░ுроо்рокோродு, ​​​​роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЖро░்ро╡рооாроХ роЗро░ுрок்рокродைроХ் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро╡родாро▓், роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் ро╡ேроХрооாроХроЪ் роЪெро▓்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роиாроо் роиிройைрок்рокродை ро╡ிроЯ роЕродிроХрооாрой рокроХுродிроХро│ை роЕроЯைроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.  роЕро╡ро▒்ро▒ைроХ் роХுро▒ிроХ்роХ рооுропро▒்роЪிрок்рокродு роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЕро╡ро▒்ро▒ை рооро▒ைроХ்роХ рооுропро▒்роЪிрок்рокродு.

роиாроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роХроЯ்роЯுрок்рокாроЯ்роЯிро▓் ро╡ைроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்:

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роЪுродрои்родிро░рооாроХ роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роХொрод்родுроХро│ிро▓் роЕро▓்ро▓ роОрой்рокродை роЙрогро░ ро╡ேрог்роЯிропродு роЕро╡роЪிропроо்;  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЖро░்ро╡род்родிройாро▓ுроо் роЖро░்ро╡род்родிройாро▓ுроо் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роЕродிроХாро░род்родிро▓் роЗро░ுроХ்роХுроо் рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│ை роороХிро┤்ро╡ிрок்рокродро▒்роХோ роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЪрооாродாройрок்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡родро▒்роХோ роЕро▓்ро▓;  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் родроЩ்роХро│் роЪொрои்род роХро▒்ро▒ро▓ிрой் роХроЯ்роЯுрок்рокாроЯ்роЯிро▓் роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роОрой்рой роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роОрок்рокроЯி роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்рокродை роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ே родீро░்рооாройிроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை рокро░ிроЪோродிроХ்роХро╡ோ роЕро▓்ро▓родு роХேро│்ро╡ி роХேроЯ்роХро╡ோ родேро╡ைропிро▓்ро▓ை.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ிрой் роХро▒்ро▒ро▓ை роиாроо் родொроЯро░்рои்родு роЪро░ிрокாро░்рок்рокродு, роХро▒்ро▒ро▓ைрод் родроЯுроХ்роХிро▒родு рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЕро┤ிроХ்роХிро▒родு, рооேро▓ுроо் роЪро░ிропாрой роиேро░род்родிро▓் роХро▒்роХுроо் родிро▒ройைроХ் роХுро▒ைроХ்роХிро▒родு.  роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு родோро▓்ро╡ிропроЯைроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்рокродிро▓், роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் родொроЯро░்рои்родு роЪோродிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுро╡родாро▓் роПро▒்рокроЯுроо் роХро╡ро▓ை, родோро▓்ро╡ி, родрог்роЯройை рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЕро╡рооாройроо் рокро▒்ро▒ிроп рокропроо், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роЙрогро░்родро▓் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роиிройைро╡ிро▓் роХொро│்ро│ுроо் родிро▒рой் роЖроХிроп роЗро░рог்роЯைропுроо் роХроЯுрооைропாроХроХ் роХுро▒ைрод்родு, рокроЯிроХ்роХுроо் ро╡ிро╖ропрод்родிро▓ிро░ுрои்родுроо், роЙрод்родிроХро│ுроХ்роХுроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ைрод் родро│்ро│ுроХிро▒родு роОрой்ро▒ு роХூро▒ிройேрой்.  роЖроЪிро░ிропро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХுрод் родெро░ிропாродродைрод் родроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХுрод் родெро░ிропுроо் роОрой்ро▒ு роиிройைрод்родு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роПрооாро▒்ро▒ுро╡родро▒்роХாроХ.

рооро▒்ро▒ுроо்:

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроХ்роХு роПродாро╡родு родெро░ிропுрооா роОрой்ро▒ு (роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЕро▒ிропро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை роОрой்ро▒ு роироо்рооை роиாрооே роиிро░ூрокிрод்родுроХ் роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│ா) роиாроо் родொроЯро░்рои்родு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிроЯроо் роХேро│்ро╡ிроХро│ைроХ் роХேроЯ்роХுроо்рокோродு, ​​роиாроо் роОрок்рокோродுроо் рооெродுро╡ாроХроЪ் роЪெропро▓்рокроЯுро╡родைроХ் роХுро▒ைрод்родு, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роЕройுрокро╡роЩ்роХро│ைроЪ் роЪோродிрод்родு, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рокாродுроХாрок்рокாрой роЕро▒ிро╡ாроХ рооாро▒்ро▒ுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.  рокிро│்ро│ைроХро│் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│род் родொроЯроЩ்роХுроо் ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роХேро│்ро╡ிроХро│ைроХ் роХேроЯ்рокродு, роТроЯ்роЯрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роиாро▒்роХாро▓ிропிро▓் роЙроЯ்роХாро░்рои்родுроХொро│்ро╡родைрок் рокோрой்ро▒родு.  роХроЯ்роЯрооைрок்рокு роЗроЯிрои்родு ро╡ிро┤ுроХிро▒родு.

роиாроо் роЪிро▒рои்род роХро▒்ро▒ро▓ைроЪ் роЪெроп்роп ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокிройாро▓், роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ைрок் рокிрой்рокро▒்ро▒ுро╡родு роиро▓்ро▓родு.

роиாроо் [роироо்рооுроЯைроп рооройродை] рооுрой்роХூроЯ்роЯிроп роОрог்рогроЩ்роХро│ைрод் родுроЯைроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо், родீро░்рок்рокை роЗроЯைроиிро▒ுрод்род ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо், роЪூро┤்роиிро▓ைроХ்роХு роироо்рооைрод் родிро▒роХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо், роироо்рооாро▓் рооுроЯிрои்род роЕро│ро╡ு родро░ро╡ுроХро│ை роОроЯுрод்родுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо், рооேро▓ுроо் роХுро┤рок்рокрод்родிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு ро╡ெро│ிропேро▒ுроо் роТро░ுро╡ிрод роТро┤ுроЩ்роХுроХ்роХாроХ рокொро▒ுрооைропாроХ роХாрод்родிро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.  роЪுро░ுроХ்роХрооாроХроЪ் роЪொрой்ройாро▓், роиாроо் роТро░ு роЪிро▒ு роХுро┤рои்родைропைрок் рокோро▓ роЪிрои்родிроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.  роХро▒்ро▒ро▓் рокро▒்ро▒ி роиீроЩ்роХро│் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொрог்роЯродை роиிройைро╡ிро▓் роХொро│்ро│ுроЩ்роХро│்.  роХுро┤рои்родை рооாродிро░ி роЗро░ு.  роЙроЩ்роХро│் роХрог்роХро│ைрок் рокропрой்рокроЯுрод்родுроЩ்роХро│்.  роЕрои்род роЖроЪிро░ிропро░ிрой் ро╡ாропை роЙроЩ்роХро│் родро▓ைроХ்роХுро│் роХро╡்ро╡ி, роЕрои்родроХ் роХேро│்ро╡ிроХро│ை роОро▓்ро▓ாроо் роХேроЯ்роХро╡ுроо்.  роЗрои்род ро╡ிро╖ропрод்родை рокроХுрок்рокாроп்ро╡ு роЪெроп்роп рооுропро▒்роЪிроХ்роХாродீро░்роХро│், роЕродைрок் рокாро░ுроЩ்роХро│், роОроЯுрод்родுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ுроЩ்роХро│்.  роЪெроп்роп ро╡ேрог்роЯிроп роТро░ே ро╡ிро╖ропроо், роХேро│்ро╡ிроХро│ை роЕрогைрод்родுро╡ிроЯ்роЯு, роХுро┤рои்родைропைрок் рокோро▓ рокாро░்рок்рокродுродாрой்.  роОро▓்ро▓ாро╡ро▒்ро▒ைропுроо் роОроЯுрод்родுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ுроЩ்роХро│், роОро▓்ро▓ாро╡ро▒்ро▒ைропுроо் рокாро░ுроЩ்роХро│், роОродைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிропுроо் роХро╡ро▓ைрок்рокроЯ ро╡ேрог்роЯாроо்.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроХ்роХு роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро│ роЙродро╡ுро╡родு роиுроЯ்рокрод்родைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிропродு роЕро▓்ро▓, роЕродு роЕрогுроХுрооுро▒ைропைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிропродு.

роТро░ு рокроЩ்роХ் ро░ாроХ் ро╡ாроХ்роХிропроо்: "роЗродு роЖро╡ிропைрок் рокோро▓ро╡ே роиுроЯ்рокрод்родைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிроп ро╡ிро╖ропрооро▓்ро▓."

ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯ்роЯு [ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯுродро▓்] роЖро╡ி роОро▓்ро▓ாрооே.  роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроЯрой் ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯுро╡родро▒்роХாрой роТро░ே роиро▓்ро▓ роХாро░рогроо், роиாроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роиேроЪிрок்рокродாро▓ுроо், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроЯрой் роЗрои்род роХேроо்роХро│ை ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯுро╡родிро▓ுроо், ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯுро╡родிро▓் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роороХிро┤்роЪ்роЪிропைрок் рокроХிро░்рои்родு роХொро│்ро╡родிро▓ுроо் роиாроо் роороХிро┤்роЪ்роЪிропроЯைро╡родாро▓் родாрой்—роОрок்рокோродாро╡родு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роХро▓்ро▓ூро░ிропிро▓் роЪேро░்роХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой்рокродро▒்роХாроХ роЕро▓்ро▓.  роЗродு роХுро┤рои்родை рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯ்роЯுроХро│ை ро╡ேроЯிроХ்роХைропாроХро╡ுроо், роХுро┤рои்родைроХ்роХு рокропройுро│்ро│родாроХро╡ுроо் рокропройுро│்ро│родாроХро╡ுроо் рооாро▒்ро▒ுроо் ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯ்роЯுроХро│ிро▓் роироородு роороХிро┤்роЪ்роЪி.  роороХிро┤்роЪ்роЪிропை роЕроХро▒்ро▒ி, роОродிро░்роХாро▓ I.Q рокро▒்ро▒ிроп роЪிро▓ роХுро│ிро░்роЪ்роЪிропாрой роЗродропроХ் роХрогроХ்роХீроЯுроХро│ை роЕродрой் роЗроЯрод்родிро▓் ро╡ைроХ்роХро╡ுроо்.  рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் SAT роородிрок்рокெрог்роХро│், роироороХ்роХாроХро╡ுроо் роХுро┤рои்родைроХ்роХாроХро╡ுроо் ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯ்роЯைроХ் роХொро▓்роХிро▒ோроо்.

рокெро▒்ро▒ோро░்роХро│் роироо்рооை роЖроЪிро░ிропро░்роХро│ாроХроХ் роХாроЯ்роЯிро▓ுроо் роиூро▓роХро░்роХро│ாроХ роиிройைроХ்роХро▓ாроо்.

"роОрои்родро╡ொро░ு роХро▒்рокро╡ро░ுроХ்роХுроо் роЖроЪிро░ிропро░்роХро│் роЪெроп்ропроХ்роХூроЯிроп рооிроХ рооுроХ்роХிропрооாрой ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ிро▓் роТрой்ро▒ு, роХро▒்рокро╡ро░ைроХ் роХுро▒ைро╡ாроХроЪ் роЪாро░்рои்родு роЗро░ுроХ்роХроЪ் роЪெроп்ро╡родு."

роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ுроо் роТро╡்ро╡ொро░ு рокுродிроп ро╡ிро╖ропрооுроо் рооро▒்ро▒ рокுродிроп ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ைроХ் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.  роЕродு роОродை роЙрог்роХிро▒родு роОрой்рокродைрок் рокொро▒ுрод்родு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роЖро░்ро╡роо் роЕродிроХро░ிроХ்роХிро▒родு.  роОроЩ்роХро│் рокрогி, роЕродை роЙрогро╡ுроЯрой் роирой்роХு ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХுро╡родாроХுроо்… роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роЖро░்ро╡род்родை “роЙрогро╡ு роирой்ро▒ாроХ ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХрок்рокроЯ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்” роОрой்рокродு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЙрогро╡ро│ிрок்рокродைропோ роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் родроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роОрой்рой роЙрогро╡ро│ிроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой்рокродை роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХுроЪ் роЪொро▓்ро╡родைропோ роЕро░்род்родрок்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡родிро▓்ро▓ை.  роЕродாро╡родு, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЕроЯைропроХ்роХூроЯிроп рокро░рои்род ро╡роХை рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роиро▓்ро▓ роЙрогро╡ுроХро│ிрой் роЕро│ро╡ை-роЕродிро▓் роХுрок்рокை роЙрогро╡ுроХро│் роЗро▓்ро▓ாрод роТро░ு рокро▓்рокொро░ுро│் роЕроЩ்роХாроЯிроХ்роХு роЕро┤ைрод்родுроЪ் роЪெро▓்ро╡родு рокோрой்ро▒родு (роЕрок்рокроЯி роТро░ு ро╡ிро╖ропрод்родை роироо்рооாро▓் роХро▒்рокройை роЪெроп்роп рооுроЯிрои்родாро▓்).

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роЕро▒ிрои்родு роХொро│்ро╡родро▒்роХாрой ро╡ро┤ி, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роиேроЪிрок்рокродுроо், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роЙрог்рооைропாроХрок் рокாро░்рок்рокродுроо், роХேроЯ்рокродுроо்родாрой்.

 роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி рооூро│ை роЖро░ாроп்роЪ்роЪி роЙрог்рооைропிро▓் роОро╡்ро╡ро│ро╡ு роЪொро▓்ро▓ுроо் роОрой்рокродிро▓் ро╣ோро▓்роЯ் роЪрои்родேроХроо் роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்.  роЪிро▓ ро╡ро┤ிроХро│ிро▓், роЕро╡ро░் роТро░ு роХро▓ைроЮро░ைрок் рокோро▓ро╡ே роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை роЕрогுроХுроХிро▒ாро░்: роЕро╡ро░родு роЕро▒ிро╡ுро▒ுрод்родро▓்роХро│் ро╡ெро▒ுрооройே роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роиேроЪிроХ்роХро╡ுроо், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ைрок் рокாро░்роХ்роХро╡ுроо், роЙрог்рооைропிро▓் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ைрок் рокாро░்роХ்роХро╡ுроо், роиீроЩ்роХро│் рокாро░்рок்рокродை рокродிро╡ு роЪெроп்ропро╡ுроо்.  роЕро╡ро░் рооройроиро▓ рооро░ுрод்родுро╡ро░் роЖро░்.роЯி. ро▓ாропிроЩ்роХை рооேро▒்роХோро│் роХாроЯ்роЯுроХிро▒ாро░், "роХாродро▓் роЙрог்рооைроХро│ை ро╡ெро│ிрок்рокроЯுрод்родுроХிро▒родு, роЕродு роЗро▓்ро▓ாрооро▓், ро╡ெро│ிрок்рокроЯுрод்родрок்рокроЯாрооро▓் роЗро░ுроХ்роХுроо்."

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роироородு рооிроХрок்рокெро░ிроп ро╡ро│роо்.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிроп роЕро┤роХாрой ро╡ிро╖ропроо் роОрой்ройро╡ெрой்ро▒ாро▓், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ாро▓் роЕрод்родроХைроп родропாро░ிрок்рокை, роЗро╡்ро╡ро│ро╡ு рокெро░ிроп роТрок்рокрои்родрод்родை, роОро▓்ро▓ாро╡ро▒்ро▒ிро▓ிро░ுрои்родுроо், роЕро▓்ро▓родு роОродுро╡ுроо் роЪெроп்роп рооுроЯிропாродு.  роОройродு роЕро▓ுро╡ро▓роХрод்родிро▓் роЗро░ுрои்родு рокро▓ роХுроЯுроо்рокроЩ்роХро│் родроЩ்роХро│் роЪிро▒ு роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроЯрой் рокாроп்ро╕்роЯрой் родெро░ுро╡ிро▓் роироЯрои்родு роЪெро▓்ро╡родை роиாрой் рокாро░்роХ்роХிро▒ேрой்.  рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│் родрод்родро│ிроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роЪுро┤ро▓்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роХுродிроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роХுродிроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роЗрок்рокோродு роЗрои்родрок் рокроХ்роХрооாроХ роУроЯுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роЗрок்рокோродு роЕрои்родрок் рокроХ்роХрооாроХ роУроЯுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роЕроЯிропெроЯுрод்родு ро╡ைрок்рокродு роЕро▓்ро▓родு роХுродிрок்рокродு роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЪுро▒்ро▒ி роироЯрок்рокродு рокோрой்ро▒ро╡ро▒்ро▒ைрод் родேроЯுроЩ்роХро│், роПро▒роХ்роХூроЯிроп роОродிро▓ுроо் роПро▒ро▓ாроо்.

роиாрой் рокாро░்роХ்роХ рооுроЯிропாрод роЗроЯрод்родிро▓் роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை.  роЕрои்род роЖро▒்ро▒ро▓் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் рооுроЯ்роЯாро│்родройроо், роЖро░்ро╡роо், роХேро│்ро╡ிроХро│், рокேроЪ்роЪுроХро│், роХроЯுрооைропாрой роЙрогро░்роЪ்роЪிроХро│், роЖро▒்ро▒ுрок்рокроЯுрод்род рооுроЯிропாрод родுропро░роЩ்роХро│், роЕро│ро╡ро▒்ро▒ роороХிро┤்роЪ்роЪிроХро│், рокро▓ро░ுроХ்роХுрод் родொро▓்ро▓ைропாроХрод் родோрой்ро▒ுроо், роХுрогрок்рокроЯுрод்род рооுроЯிропாрод роТро░ு роиோропாроХ роЗро▓்ро▓ாро╡ிроЯ்роЯாро▓்.  роОрой்ройைрок் рокொро▒ுрод்родро╡ро░ை роЕро╡ை роТро░ு родேроЪிроп роЪொрод்родு, ро╡ிро▓ைроХ்роХு роЕрок்рокாро▒்рокроЯ்роЯ рокொроХ்роХிро╖роо், роОрои்род роОрог்рогெроп் роЕро▓்ро▓родு ропுро░ேройிропрод்родைропுроо் ро╡ிроЯ роироородு роЖро░ோроХ்роХிропрод்родிро▒்роХுроо் роироородு роЙропிро░்ро╡ாро┤்ро╡ிро▒்роХுроо் рооிроХро╡ுроо் роЕро╡роЪிропрооாройро╡ை роЕро▓்ро▓родு роиீроЩ்роХро│் ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுро╡родைроХ் роХுро▒ிрок்рокிроЯுроЩ்роХро│்.

роЪிро▒ு роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роЙро▓роХை роиேроЪிроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.  роЕродройாро▓்родாрой் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЕродைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро╡родிро▓் рооிроХро╡ுроо் родிро▒рооைропாройро╡ро░்роХро│்.  роПройெрой்ро▒ாро▓், роОро▓்ро▓ா роЙрог்рооைропாрой роХро▒்ро▒ро▓ிрой் роЗродропрод்родிро▓ுроо் роЗро░ுрок்рокродு роЕрой்рокுродாрой், родрои்родிро░роЩ்роХро│் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЪிрои்родройை роиுроЯ்рокроЩ்роХро│் роЕро▓்ро▓.

роЕроЬீро╕்
рокூрооா ропு.роОрой்.ро╡ி








Children do not need to be made to learn, told what to learn, or shown how. If we give them access to enough of the world, including our own lives and work in that world, they will see clearly enough what things are truly important to us and to others, and they will make for themselves a better path into that world than we could make for them.

The book was originally published in 1967 and updated by Holt in 1983. (The update is as old as I am!) It has an interesting structure: Holt uses long block quotes to break and comment on the original text. Several times throughout the course of reading this book, I underlined a passage and underneath Holt talks about how wrong he was about this or that, what exactly he got wrong, and what he’d do now. (Examples: “I’m not so sure about this anymore,” “I’m not at all happy about this,” “What I did here was a mistake, not necessary, not useful, and if I had continued it for long, probably harmful,” and “What I should have done…”) Since this is a book about a simple, but radical idea — that children are learning animals and that adults should stay out of the way of their natural investigations as much as possible — many of the notes suggest that Holt didn’t think he went far enough in the beginning. It’s an exciting text, because it’s an artifact of someone really grappling with ideas, and also having a conversation with themselves. (When’s the last time you read an author arguing with himself?)

The book is summarized by Holt in the very beginning:

All I am saying in this book can be summed up in two words—Trust Children. Nothing could be more simple—or more difficult. Difficult, because to trust children we must trust ourselves—and most of us were taught as children that we could not be trusted. And so we go on treating children as we ourselves were treated, calling this “reality,” or saying bitterly, “If I could put up with it, they can too.”

His mission:

This book is more about children than about child psychology. I hope those who read it will come to feel, or feel more than when they opened it, that children are interesting and worth looking at.

He writes that a friend said to him after reading the book, “I always was very fond of little children, especially my own. But until now I could never have imagined that they might be interesting.”

Holt’s work has really shaken me up, blown my mind, and given me a different way of thinking about my kids. Some of my favorite bits, below.

Children are natural learners.

“It is before they get to school that children are likely to do their best learning.”

The child is curious. He wants to make sense out of things, find out how things work, gain competence and control over himself and his environment, do what he can see other people doing. He is open, receptive, and perceptive. He does not shut himself off from the strange, confused, complicated world around him. He observes it closely and sharply, tries to take it all in. He is experimental. He does not merely observe the world around him, but tastes it, touches it, hefts it, bends it, breaks it. To find out how reality works, he works on it. He is bold. He is not afraid of making mistakes. And he is patient. He can tolerate and extraordinary amount of uncertainty, confusion, ignorance, and suspense. He does not have to have instant meaning in any new situation. He is willing and able to wait for meaning to come to him—even if it comes very slowly, which it usually does… To this I would add something even more important. Children even as young as two want not just to learn about but to be a part of our adult world. They want to become skillful, careful, able to do things and make things as we do.

What I am trying to say about education rests on a belief that, though there is much evidence to support it, I cannot prove, and that may never be proved. Call it a faith. This faith is that man is by nature a learning animal. Birds fly, fish swim; man thinks and learns. Therefore, we do not need to “motivate” children into learning, by wheedling, bribing, or bullying. We do not need to keep picking away at their minds to make sure they are learning. What we need to do, and all we need to do, is bring as much of the world as we can into the school and the classroom; give children as much help and guidance as they need and ask for; listen respectfully when they feel like talking; and then get out of the way. We can trust them to do the rest.

Children want to be part of the real world.

Children want to be like adults and older children:

Children, at least before they meet the ready-made fantasies of TV, don’t want to be omnipotent. They just want not to be impotent. They want to be able to do what the bigger people around them do—read, write, go places, use tools and machines. Above all, they want, like the big people, to control their immediate physical lives, to stand, sit, walk, eat, and sleep where and when they want… They [don’t] run around pretending to be Superman. Such fantasies have to be learned from the adults who invent and sell them.

They should be included in as much of our everyday lives as possible, and see adults doing real work:

[H]ow much children must have learned from watching people do real work, in the days when a child could see people doing real work. It is not so easy to manage this now. So much of the so-called work done in our society is not work at all, certainly not as a child could understand it… It is in every way useful for children to see adults doing real work and, wherever possible, to be able to help them.

We should also include them in our conversations:

Babies and young children like to hear adult conversation, and will often sit quietly for a long time, just to hear it. If we want to help little children as they learn to talk, one way to do it is by talking to them—provided we do it naturally and unaffectedly—and by letting them be around when we talk to other people.

Children don’t want to be told what to learn.

Children resist, almost always angrily, all such unasked-for teaching because they hear in it the (perhaps unconscious) message, “You’re not smart enough to see that this is important to learn, and even if you were, you’re not smart enough to learn it.” Naturally it makes them hurt and angry. “Let me do it by myself!” they shout. That’s just what we should do.

Education is “the game of trying to find out how the world works.”

Children seek out meaning, which is to say, whatever helps them make the most sense of the world they live in… We do things backwards. We think in terms of getting a skill first, and then finding useful and interesting things to do with it. The sensible way, the best way, is to start with something worth doing, and then, moved by a strong desire to do it, get whatever skills are needed.

Children learn at their own pace, often in spurts.

Timetables! We act as if children were railroad trains running on a schedule… They don’t learn at an even rate. They learn in spurts, and the more interested they are in what they are learning, the faster these spurts are likely to be… Not only that, but they often don’t learn in what seems to us a logical sequence, by which we mean easy things first, hard things later. Being always seekers of meaning, children may first go to the hard things, which have more meaning…

If we give them space to learn at their own pace, they go further and farther:

They see the world as a whole, mysterious perhaps, but a whole none the less. They do not divide it up into airtight little categories, as we adults tend to do. It is natural for them to jump from one thing to another, and to make the kinds of connections that are rarely made in formal classes and textbooks. They make their own paths into the unknown, paths that we would never think of making for them… Finally, when they are following their own noses, learning what they are curious about, children go faster, cover more territory than we would ever think of trying to mark out for them, or make them cover.

We should put them in control:

What is essential is to realize that children learn independently, not in bunches; that they learn out of interest and curiosity, not to please or appease the adults in power; and that they ought to be in control of their own learning, deciding for themselves what they want to learn and how they want to learn it.

Children don’t need to be tested or quizzed.

Our constant checking up on children’s learning so often prevents and destroys learning, and even in time most of the capacity to learn. In How Children Fail, I said that the anxiety children feel at constantly being tested, their fear of failure, punishment, and disgrace, severely reduces their ability both to perceive and to remember, and drives them away from the material being studied and into strategies for fooling teachers into thinking they know what they really don’t know.

And:

When we constantly ask children questions to find out whether they know something (or prove to ourselves that they don’t), we almost always cut short the slow process by which, testing their hunches against experience, they turn them into secure knowledge. Asking children questions about things they are only just beginning to learn is like sitting in a chair which has only just been glued. The structure collapses.

If we want to do our best learning, it might be good to emulate children.

We must clear [our minds] of preconceived notions, we must suspend judgement, we must open ourselves to the situation, take in as much data as we can, and wait patiently for some kind of order to appear out of the chaos. In short, we must think like a little child…. Remember what you have learned about learning. Be like a child. Use your eyes. Gag that teacher’s mouth inside your head, asking all those questions. Don’t try to analyze this thing, look at it, take it in…. The only thing to do [is] to turn off the questions and watch—like a child. Take it all in. See everything, worry about nothing.

Helping children learn is not so much about technique as it is about attitude.

A punk rock sentence: “It is not so much a matter of technique as of spirit.”

The spirit of [playing] games is everything. The only good reason for playing games with babies is because we love them, and delight in playing these games with them and in sharing their delight in playing—not because we want someday to get them into college. It is our delight in the baby and the games that make the games fun, and worthwhile and useful for the baby. Take away the delight, and put in its place some cold-hearted calculation about future I.Q. and SAT scores, and we kill the game, for ourselves and the baby.

Parents might want to think of ourselves as librarians, rather than teachers.

“One of the most important things teachers can do for any learner is to make the learner less and less dependent on them.”

Each new thing they learn makes them aware of other new things to be learned. Their curiosity grows by what it feeds on. Our task is to keep it well supplied with food… Keeping their curiosity “well supplied with food” doesn’t mean feeding them, or telling them what they have to feed themselves. It means putting within their reach the widest possible variety and quantity of good food—like taking them to a supermarket with no junk food in it (if we can imagine such a thing).

The way to learn about children is to love them, to really look at and listen to them.

Holt is skeptical about how much brain research will really tell you about children. In some ways, he approaches children more like an artist: his instructions are to simply love them, and look at them, really look at them, and record what you see. He quotes psychiatrist R.D. Laing as saying, “Love reveals facts which, without it, remain undisclosed.”

Children are our greatest resource.

What is lovely about children is that they can make such a production, such a big deal, out of everything, or nothing. From my office I see many families walking down Boylston Street with their little children. The adults plod along, the children twirl, leap, skip, run now to this side and now to that, look for things to step or jump over or walk along or around, climb on anything that can be climbed.

I never want to be where I cannot see it. All that energy and foolishness, all that curiosity, questions, talk, all those fierce passions, inconsolable sorrows, immoderate joys, seem to many a nuisance to be endured, if not a disease to be cured. To me they are a national asset, a treasure beyond price, more necessary to our health and our very survival than any oil or uranium or—name what you will.

Little children love the world. That is why they are so good at learning about it. For it is love, not tricks and techniques of thought, that lies at the heart of all true learning.

AZEEZ

Pooma UNV

роЬாрой் ро╣ோро▓்роЯ், роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роОрок்рокроЯி роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ைроХ் роХро▒்роХро╡ோ, роОродைроХ் роХро▒்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой்ро▒ு роЪொро▓்ро▓ро╡ோ, роОрок்рокроЯிроХ் роХாроЯ்роЯро╡ோ родேро╡ைропிро▓்ро▓ை.  роироо்рооுроЯைроп роЪொрои்род ро╡ாро┤்роХ்роХை рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЕрои்род роЙро▓роХிро▓் ро╡ேро▓ை роЪெроп்ро╡родு роЙроЯ்рокроЯ, рокோродுрооாрой роЕро│ро╡ு роЙро▓роХрод்родிро▒்роХாрой роЕрогுроХро▓ை роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХிройாро▓், роироороХ்роХுроо் рооро▒்ро▒ро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХுроо் роЙрог்рооைропிро▓ேропே рооுроХ்роХிропрооாрой ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│் роОрой்рой роОрой்рокродை роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் родெро│ிро╡ாроХроХ் роХாрог்рокாро░்роХро│், рооேро▓ுроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЕрои்род роЙро▓роХрод்родிро▒்роХு роЪிро▒рои்род рокாродைропை роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХுро╡ாро░்роХро│்.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХாроХ роиாроо் роЪெроп்роп рооுроЯிропுроо்.

рокுрод்родроХроо் рооுродро▓ிро▓் 1967 роЗро▓் ро╡ெро│ிропிроЯрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் 1983 роЗро▓் ро╣ோро▓்роЯ்роЯாро▓் рокுродுрок்рокிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு. (рокுродுрок்рокிрок்рокு роОрой்ройைрок் рокோро▓ро╡ே рокро┤ைропродு!) роЗродு роТро░ு роЪுро╡ாро░ро╕்ропрооாрой роХроЯ்роЯрооைрок்рокைроХ் роХொрог்роЯுро│்ро│родு: роЕроЪро▓் роЙро░ைропை роЙроЯைрод்родு роХро░ுрод்родு родெро░ிро╡ிроХ்роХ ро╣ோро▓்роЯ் роиீрог்роЯ рокிро│ாроХ் рооேро▒்роХோро│்роХро│ைрок் рокропрой்рокроЯுрод்родுроХிро▒ாро░்.  роЗрои்родрок் рокுрод்родроХрод்родைрок் рокроЯிроХ்роХுроо் рокோродு рокро▓рооுро▒ை, роиாрой் роТро░ு рокрод்родிропை роЕроЯிроХ்роХோроЯிроЯ்роЯுроХ் роХாроЯ்роЯிройேрой், ро╣ோро▓்роЯ் роЗродைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிропோ роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЕродைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிропோ роОро╡்ро╡ро│ро╡ு родро╡ро▒ு роЪெроп்родாро░், роЕро╡ро░் роЪро░ிропாроХ роОрой்рой родро╡ро▒ு роЪெроп்родாро░், роЗрок்рокோродு роЕро╡ро░் роОрой்рой роЪெроп்ро╡ாро░் роОрой்рокродைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி рокேроЪுроХிро▒ாро░்.  (роОроЯுрод்родுроХ்роХாроЯ்роЯுроХро│்: "роОройроХ்роХு роЗродைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роЕро╡்ро╡ро│ро╡ு роЙро▒ுродிропாроХ родெро░ிропро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை," "роиாрой் роЗродைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роЪிро▒ிродுроо் роороХிро┤்роЪ்роЪிропроЯைропро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை," "роиாрой் роЗроЩ்роХே роЪெроп்родродு роТро░ு родро╡ро▒ு, роЕро╡роЪிропрооிро▓்ро▓ை, рокропройுро│்ро│родு роЕро▓்ро▓, роиாрой் роЕродை роиீрог்роЯ роХாро▓рооாроХ родொроЯро░்рои்родிро░ுрои்родாро▓்  , роЕроиேроХрооாроХ родீроЩ்роХு ро╡ிро│ைро╡ிроХ்роХுроо்,” рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் “роиாрой் роОрой்рой роЪெроп்родிро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்…”) роЗродு роТро░ு роОро│ிроп, роЖройாро▓் родீро╡ிро░рооாрой ропோроЪройைропைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிроп рокுрод்родроХроо் роОрой்рокродாро▓் - роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் ро╡ிро▓роЩ்роХுроХро│ைроХ் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│் родроЩ்роХро│் роЗропро▒்роХைропாрой ро╡ிроЪாро░рогைроХро│ிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு рооுроЯிрои்родро╡ро░ை ро╡ிро▓роХி роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.  — рокро▓ роХுро▒ிрок்рокுроХро│் ро╣ோро▓்роЯ் роЖро░роо்рокрод்родிро▓் рокோродுрооாрой роЕро│ро╡ு роЪெрой்ро▒родாроХ роиிройைроХ்роХро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை роОрой்ро▒ு роХூро▒ுроХிрой்ро▒рой.  роЗродு роТро░ு роЙро▒்роЪாроХрооாрой роЙро░ை, роПройெрой்ро▒ாро▓் роЗродு ропாро░ோ роТро░ுро╡ро░் роЙрог்рооைропிро▓ேропே ропோроЪройைроХро│ைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிроХ்роХொро│்ро│ுроо் роТро░ு роХро▓ைрок்рокொро░ுро│ாроХுроо், рооேро▓ுроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроЯрой் роЙро░ைропாроЯро▓ுроо்.  (роТро░ு роОро┤ுрод்родாро│ро░் родрой்ройுроЯрой் ро╡ாродிроЯுро╡родை роиீроЩ்роХро│் роХроЯைроЪிропாроХ роОрок்рокோродு рокроЯிрод்родீро░்роХро│்?)

роЪுро░ுроХ்роХрооாроХ:

роЗрои்род рокுрод்родроХрод்родிро▓் роиாрой் роЪொро▓்ро╡родை роЗро░рог்роЯு ро╡ாро░்род்родைроХро│ிро▓் роЪுро░ுроХ்роХро▓ாроо் - роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை роироо்рокுроЩ்роХро│்.  роОродுро╡ுроо் роОро│ிрооைропாройродாроХро╡ோ роЕро▓்ро▓родு роХроЯிройрооாроХро╡ோ роЗро░ுроХ்роХ рооுроЯிропாродு.  роХроЯிройроо், роПройெрой்ро▒ாро▓் роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை роироо்рокுро╡родро▒்роХு роиாроо் роироо்рооை роироо்рок ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் - рооேро▓ுроо் роироо்рооிро▓் рокெро░ுроо்рокாро▓ோро░் роироо்рооை роироо்рок рооுроЯிропாродு роОрой்ро▒ு роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ாроХроХ் роХро▒்рокிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுроХிро▒ோроо்.  роОройро╡ே роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை роиாрооே роироЯрод்родுро╡родு рокோро▓் роироЯрод்родுроХிро▒ோроо், роЗродை "роиிроЬроо்" роОрой்ро▒ு роЕро┤ைроХ்роХிро▒ோроо் роЕро▓்ро▓родு "роОрой்ройாро▓் рокொро▒ுрод்родுроХ்роХொро│்ро│ рооுроЯிрои்родாро▓், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ாро▓் роХூроЯ рооுроЯிропுроо்" роОрой்ро▒ு роХроЪрок்рокுроЯрой் роХூро▒ுроХிро▒ோроо்.

роЕро╡ро░родு рокрогி:

роЗрои்род рокுрод்родроХроо் роХுро┤рои்родை роЙро│ро╡ிропро▓் рокро▒்ро▒ி ро╡ிроЯ роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை рокро▒்ро▒ிропродு.  роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роЪுро╡ாро░ро╕்ропрооாроХро╡ுроо், рокாро░்роХ்роХрод் родроХுрои்родро╡ро░்роХро│ாроХро╡ுроо் роЗро░ுрок்рокродைрок் рокроЯிроХ்роХிро▒ро╡ро░்роХро│், роЕродைрод் родிро▒рои்родு рокாро░்род்родродை ро╡ிроЯ роЕродிроХрооாроХ роЙрогро░ுро╡ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்ро▒ு роироо்рокுроХிро▒ேрой்.

рокுрод்родроХрод்родைрок் рокроЯிрод்род рокிро▒роХு роТро░ு роирог்рокро░் родрой்ройிроЯроо் роХூро▒ிропродாроХ роЕро╡ро░் роОро┤ுродுроХிро▒ாро░், “роОройроХ்роХு роОрок்рокோродுрооே роЪிро▒ு роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை, роХுро▒ிрок்рокாроХ роОрой்ройுроЯைроп роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை рооிроХро╡ுроо் рокிроЯிроХ்роХுроо்.  роЖройாро▓் роЕро╡ை роЪுро╡ாро░ро╕்ропрооாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХுроо் роОрой்ро▒ு роЗродுро╡ро░ை роОрой்ройாро▓் роиிройைрод்родுроХ்роХூроЯ рокாро░்роХ்роХ рооுроЯிропро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை.

ро╣ோро▓்роЯ்роЯிрой் рокрогி роЙрог்рооைропிро▓் роОрой்ройை роЙро▓ுроХ்роХி, роОрой் рооройродை роЙро▓ுроХ்роХி, роОрой் роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роОройроХ்роХு ро╡ிрод்родிропாроЪрооாрой роЪிрои்родройைропைроХ் роХொроЯுрод்родродு.  роОройроХ்роХுрок் рокிроЯிрод்род роЪிро▓ рокிроЯ்роХро│், роХீро┤ே.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роЗропро▒்роХைропாроХро╡ே роХро▒்рокро╡ро░்роХро│்.

"роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рокро│்ро│ிроХ்роХுроЪ் роЪெро▓்ро╡родро▒்роХு рооுрой்рокுродாрой் роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் родроЩ்роХро│் роЪிро▒рои்род роХро▒்ро▒ро▓ைроЪ் роЪெроп்роп ро╡ாроп்рок்рокுро│்ро│родு."

роХுро┤рои்родை роЖро░்ро╡рооாроХ роЙро│்ро│родு.  роЕро╡ро░் ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ைрок் рокுро░ிрои்родு роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░், ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│் роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роЪெропро▓்рокроЯுроХிрой்ро▒рой роОрой்рокродைроХ் роХрог்роЯро▒ிропро╡ுроо், родிро▒рооை рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் родрой் рооீродுроо் родройродு роЪுро▒்ро▒ுроЪ்роЪூро┤ро▓ிрой் рооீродுроо் роХроЯ்роЯுрок்рокாроЯ்роЯைрок் рокெро▒ро╡ுроо், рооро▒்ро▒ро╡ро░்роХро│் роЪெроп்ро╡родைрок் рокாро░்роХ்роХро╡ுроо் роЕро╡ро░் ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்.  роЕро╡ро░் родிро▒рои்род, роПро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро│ுроо் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЙрогро░்родிро▒рой் роХொрог்роЯро╡ро░்.  роЕро╡ро░் родрой்ройைроЪ் роЪுро▒்ро▒ிропுро│்ро│ ро╡ிроЪிрод்родிро░рооாрой, роХுро┤рок்рокрооாрой, роЪிроХ்роХро▓ாрой роЙро▓роХрод்родிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு родрой்ройை рооூроЯிроХ்роХொро│்ро╡родிро▓்ро▓ை.  роЕро╡ро░் роЕродை роЙрой்ройிрок்рокாроХро╡ுроо் роХூро░்рооைропாроХро╡ுроо் роХро╡ройிроХ்роХிро▒ாро░், роЕройைрод்родைропுроо் роЙро│்ро╡ாроЩ்роХ рооுропро▒்роЪிроХ்роХிро▒ாро░். роЕро╡ро░் рокро░ிроЪோродройைропிро▓் роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்.  роЕро╡ро░் родрой்ройைроЪ் роЪுро▒்ро▒ிропுро│்ро│ роЙро▓роХрод்родை ро╡ெро▒ுрооройே роХро╡ройிроХ்роХро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை, роЖройாро▓் роЕродை роЪுро╡ைроХ்роХிро▒ாро░், родொроЯுроХிро▒ாро░், роЕродை роЙропро░்род்родுроХிро▒ாро░், ро╡ро│ைроХ்роХிро▒ாро░், роЙроЯைроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்.  роЙрог்рооை роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роЪெропро▓்рокроЯுроХிро▒родு роОрой்рокродைроХ் роХрог்роЯро▒ிроп, роЕро╡ро░் роЕродிро▓் ро╡ேро▓ை роЪெроп்роХிро▒ாро░்.  роЕро╡ро░் родைро░ிропрооாройро╡ро░்.  роЕро╡ро░் родро╡ро▒ு роЪெроп்роп рокропрок்рокроЯுро╡родிро▓்ро▓ை.  рооேро▓ுроо் роЕро╡ро░் рокொро▒ுрооைропாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்.  роиிроЪ்роЪропрооро▒்ро▒ родрой்рооை, роХுро┤рок்рокроо், роЕро▒ிропாрооை рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЪро╕்рокெрой்ро╕் роЖроХிропро╡ро▒்ро▒ை роЕро╡ро░் роЪроХிрод்родுроХ்роХொро│்ро│ рооுроЯிропுроо்.  роОрои்родро╡ொро░ு рокுродிроп роЪூро┤்роиிро▓ைропிро▓ுроо் роЕро╡ро░ுроХ்роХு роЙроЯройроЯி роЕро░்род்родроо் роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯிропродிро▓்ро▓ை.  роЕро╡ро░ுроХ்роХு роЕро░்род்родроо் ро╡ро░ுроо் ро╡ро░ை роХாрод்родிро░ுроХ்роХ роЕро╡ро░் родропாро░ாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்-роЕродு рооிроХро╡ுроо் рооெродுро╡ாроХ ро╡рои்родாро▓ுроо், роЕродு ро╡ро┤роХ்роХрооாроХ роЪெроп்ропுроо்... роЗродро▒்роХு роиாрой் роЗрой்ройுроо் рооுроХ்роХிропрооாрой роТрой்ро▒ைроЪ் роЪேро░்рок்рокேрой்.  роЗро░рог்роЯு ро╡ропродிро▒்роХுроЯ்рокроЯ்роЯ роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роХூроЯ роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுро╡родிро▓்ро▓ை, роЖройாро▓் роироо் ро╡ропродுро╡рои்род роЙро▓роХிрой் роТро░ு рокроХுродிропாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் родிро▒рооைропாройро╡ро░்роХро│ாроХро╡ுроо், роХро╡ройрооாроХро╡ுроо், ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ைроЪ் роЪெроп்ропроХ்роХூроЯிропро╡ро░்роХро│ாроХро╡ுроо், роироо்рооைрок் рокோро▓ро╡ே ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ைроЪ் роЪெроп்ропро╡ுроо் ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.

роХро▓்ро╡ிропைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роиாрой் роХூро▒ рооுропро▓்ро╡родு, роЕродை роЖродро░ிроХ்роХ роиிро▒ைроп роЖродாро░роЩ்роХро│் роЗро░ுрои்родாро▓ுроо், роОрой்ройாро▓் роиிро░ூрокிроХ்роХ рооுроЯிропாродு, роЕродு роТро░ுрокோродுроо் роиிро░ூрокிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯாродு роОрой்ро▒ роироо்рокிроХ்роХைропிро▓் родроЩ்роХிропுро│்ро│родு.  роЕродை роТро░ு роироо்рокிроХ்роХை роОрой்ро▒ு роЕро┤ைроХ்роХро╡ுроо்.  рооройிродрой் роЗропро▓்рокிро▓ேропே роХро▒்роХுроо் ро╡ிро▓роЩ்роХு роОрой்рокродு роЗрои்род роироо்рокிроХ்роХை.  рокро▒ро╡ைроХро│் рокро▒роХ்роХிрой்ро▒рой, рооீрой்роХро│் роиீрои்родுроХிрой்ро▒рой;  рооройிродрой் роЪிрои்родிроХ்роХிро▒ாрой், роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாрой்.  роОройро╡ே, ро╡ீроЯ்ро▓ிроЩ், ро▓роЮ்роЪроо் роЕро▓்ро▓родு роХொроЯுрооைрок்рокроЯுрод்родுродро▓் рокோрой்ро▒ро╡ро▒்ро▒ிрой் рооூро▓роо் роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை роХро▒்ро▒ро▓ுроХ்роХு "роКроХ்роХுро╡ிрод்родро▓்" родேро╡ைропிро▓்ро▓ை.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்рокродை роЙро▒ுродிрок்рокроЯுрод்род роиாроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் рооройродைрод் родூроХ்роХி роОро▒ிроп ро╡ேрог்роЯிроп роЕро╡роЪிропрооிро▓்ро▓ை.  роиாроо் роЪெроп்роп ро╡ேрог்роЯிропродு, роиாроо் роЪெроп்роп ро╡ேрог்роЯிропродு роОро▓்ро▓ாроо், рокро│்ро│ிропிро▓ுроо் ро╡роХுрок்рокро▒ைропிро▓ுроо் роироо்рооாро▓் роЗропрой்ро▒ роЕро│ро╡ு роЙро▓роХрод்родை роХொрог்роЯு ро╡ро░ுро╡родுродாрой்;  роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроХ்роХுрод் родேро╡ைропாрой роЙродро╡ிропைропுроо் ро╡ро┤ிроХாроЯ்роЯுродро▓ைропுроо் ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХро╡ுроо், роХேроЯ்роХро╡ுроо்;  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рокேроЪ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроо்рокோродு рооро░ிропாродைропுроЯрой் роХேро│ுроЩ்роХро│்;  рокிрой்ройро░் ро╡ро┤ிропிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு ро╡ெро│ிропேро▒ுроЩ்роХро│்.  рооீродிропை роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЪெроп்ро╡ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்ро▒ு роироо்рокро▓ாроо்.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роЙрог்рооைропாрой роЙро▓роХிрой் роТро░ு рокроХுродிропாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் рокெро░ிроп роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ைрок் рокோро▓ роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்:

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│், роХுро▒ைрои்родрокроЯ்роЪроо் роЯிро╡ிропிрой் роЖропрод்род роХро▒்рокройைроХро│ை роЪрои்родிрок்рокродро▒்роХு рооுрой்рокே, роЪро░்ро╡ ро╡ро▓்ро▓рооைропுро│்ро│ро╡ро░்роХро│ாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЖрог்рооைроХ்роХுро▒ைро╡ாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХроХ்роХூроЯாродு роОрой்ро▒ு ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ைроЪ் роЪுро▒்ро▒ிропுро│்ро│ рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│் роОрой்рой роЪெроп்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் - рокроЯிроХ்роХ, роОро┤ுрод, роЗроЯроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХுроЪ் роЪெро▓்ро▓, роХро░ுро╡ிроХро│் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЗропрои்родிро░роЩ்роХро│ைрок் рокропрой்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡родை роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЪெроп்роп ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.  роОро▓்ро▓ாро╡ро▒்ро▒ிро▒்роХுроо் рооேро▓ாроХ, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рокெро░ிроп рооройிродро░்роХро│ைрок் рокோро▓ро╡ே, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роЙроЯройроЯி роЙроЯро▓் ро╡ாро┤்роХ்роХைропைроХ் роХроЯ்роЯுрок்рокроЯுрод்родро╡ுроо், роиிро▒்роХро╡ுроо், роЙроЯ்роХாро░ро╡ுроо், роироЯроХ்роХро╡ுроо், роЪாрок்рокிроЯро╡ுроо் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроо் роЗроЯрод்родிро▓் родூроЩ்роХро╡ுроо் ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்… роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЪூрок்рокро░்рооேрой் рокோро▓் рокாроЪாроЩ்роХு роЪெроп்родு роУроЯ рооாроЯ்роЯாро░்роХро│்.  роЗрод்родроХைроп роХро▒்рокройைроХро│ை роХрог்роЯுрокிроЯிрод்родு ро╡ிро▒்роХுроо் рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│ிроЯроо் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.

роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рооுроЯிрои்родро╡ро░ை роироородு роЕрой்ро▒ாроЯ ро╡ாро┤்ро╡ிро▓் роЪேро░்роХ்роХрок்рокроЯ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо், рооேро▓ுроо் рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│் роЙрог்рооைропாрой ро╡ேро▓ைропைроЪ் роЪெроп்ро╡родைрок் рокாро░்роХ்роХро╡ுроо்:

роТро░ு роХுро┤рои்родை роЙрог்рооைропாрой ро╡ேро▓ைропைроЪ் роЪெроп்рокро╡ро░்роХро│ைроХ் роХாрогроХ்роХூроЯிроп роиாроЯ்роХро│ிро▓், роороХ்роХро│் роЙрог்рооைропாрой ро╡ேро▓ைропைроЪ் роЪெроп்ро╡родைрок் рокாро░்род்родு роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роОро╡்ро╡ро│ро╡ு роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொрог்роЯிро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.  роЗродை роЗрок்рокோродு роиிро░்ро╡роХிрок்рокродு роЕро╡்ро╡ро│ро╡ு роОро│ிродро▓்ро▓.  роироо் роЪрооூроХрод்родிро▓் роЪெроп்ропрок்рокроЯுроо் рокро▓ ро╡ேро▓ைроХро│் ро╡ேро▓ைропே роЗро▓்ро▓ை, роиிроЪ்роЪропрооாроХ роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ாро▓் рокுро░ிрои்родு роХொро│்ро│ рооுроЯிропாродு... рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│் роЙрог்рооைропாрой ро╡ேро▓ைропைроЪ் роЪெроп்ро╡родைрок் рокாро░்рок்рокродு роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроХ்роХு роОро▓்ро▓ா ро╡роХைропிро▓ுроо் рокропройுро│்ро│родாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХுроо்.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЙродро╡ுроЩ்роХро│்.

роЕро╡ро▒்ро▒ைропுроо் роироородு роЙро░ைропாроЯро▓்роХро│ிро▓் роЪேро░்роХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்:

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроо் роЪிро▒ு роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроо் ро╡ропродு ро╡рои்родோро░ுроХ்роХாрой роЙро░ைропாроЯро▓ைроХ் роХேроЯ்роХ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், рооேро▓ுроо் роЕродைроХ் роХேроЯ்рокродро▒்роХாроХ роиீрог்роЯ роиேро░роо் роЕрооைродிропாроХ роЙроЯ்роХாро░்рои்родிро░ுрок்рокாро░்роХро│்.  роЪிро▒ு рокிро│்ро│ைроХро│் рокேроЪроХ் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ுроо்рокோродு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЙродро╡ роиாроо் ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокிройாро▓், роЕродைроЪ் роЪெроп்ро╡родро▒்роХாрой роТро░ு ро╡ро┤ி, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроЯрой் рокேроЪுро╡родு—роЗропро▒்роХைропாроХро╡ுроо், рокாродிрок்рокிрой்ро▒ிропுроо் роЪெроп்ро╡ோроо்—рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் рооро▒்ро▒ро╡ро░்роХро│ுроЯрой் рокேроЪுроо்рокோродு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роЕро░ுроХிро▓் роЗро░ுроХ்роХ роЕройுроородிрок்рокродு.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роОродைроХ் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой்ро▒ு роЪொро▓்ро▓ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுро╡родிро▓்ро▓ை.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роОрок்рокோродுроо் роХோрокрооாроХ, роХேроЯ்роХрок்рокроЯாрод рокோродройைроХро│ை роОродிро░்роХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роПройெройிро▓் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЕродிро▓் (роТро░ுро╡ேро│ை рооропроХ்роХ роиிро▓ைропிро▓்) роЪெроп்родிропைроХ் роХேроЯ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், "роЗродு роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро╡родு рооுроХ்роХிропроо் роОрой்рокродைроХ் роХாрогுроо் роЕро│ро╡ுроХ்роХு роиீроЩ்роХро│் рокுрод்родிроЪாро▓ி роЗро▓்ро▓ை, роиீроЩ்роХро│் роЗро░ுрои்родாро▓ுроо் роХூроЯ, роиீроЩ்роХро│்  роЕродைроХ் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ுроо் роЕро│ро╡ுроХ்роХு рокுрод்родிроЪாро▓ி роЗро▓்ро▓ை."  роЗропро▒்роХைропாроХро╡ே роЕродு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роХாропрок்рокроЯுрод்родுроХிро▒родு рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роХோрокрок்рокроЯுрод்родுроХிро▒родு.  "роиாройே роЕродை роЪெроп்ропроЯ்роЯுроо்!"  роОрой்ро▒ு роХрод்родுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.  роЕродைрод்родாрой் роиாроо் роЪெроп்роп ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.

роХро▓்ро╡ி роОрой்рокродு "роЙро▓роХроо் роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роЗропроЩ்роХுроХிро▒родு роОрой்рокродைроХ் роХрог்роЯро▒ிропுроо் ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯ்роЯு."

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роЕро░்род்родрод்родைрод் родேроЯுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роЕродாро╡родு, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் ро╡ாро┤ுроо் роЙро▓роХрод்родைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роЕродிроХроо் роЙрогро░ роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роОродு роЙродро╡ுроХிро▒родோ роЕродுро╡ே... роиாроо் ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ைрок் рокிрой்роиோроХ்роХிроЪ் роЪெроп்роХிро▒ோроо்.  рооுродро▓ிро▓் роТро░ு родிро▒рооைропைрок் рокெро▒ுро╡родு, роЕродрой் рокிро▒роХு рокропройுро│்ро│ рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЪுро╡ாро░ро╕்ропрооாрой ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ைроХ் роХрог்роЯுрокிроЯிрок்рокродு роОрой்ро▒ роЕроЯிрок்рокроЯைропிро▓் роиாроЩ்роХро│் роЪிрои்родிроХ்роХிро▒ோроо்.  рокுрод்родிроЪாро▓ிрод்родройрооாрой ро╡ро┤ி, роЪிро▒рои்род ро╡ро┤ி, роЪெроп்ропрод் родроХுрои்род роТрой்ро▒ைрод் родொроЯроЩ்роХுро╡родு, рокிрой்ройро░், роЕродைроЪ் роЪெроп்ро╡родро▒்роХாрой ро╡ро▓ுро╡ாрой ро╡ிро░ுрок்рокрод்родாро▓் роироХро░்рои்родு, родேро╡ைропாрой родிро▒рой்роХро│ைрок் рокெро▒ுро╡родு.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் родроЩ்роХро│் роЪொрои்род ро╡ேроХрод்родிро▓் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், рокெро░ுроо்рокாро▓ுроо் ро╡ேроХрод்родிро▓்.

роХாро▓ роЕроЯ்роЯро╡рогைроХро│்!  роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роТро░ு роХாро▓ роЕроЯ்роЯро╡рогைропிро▓் роУроЯுроо் роЗро░ропிро▓் ро░ропிро▓்роХро│ைрок் рокோро▓ роиாроЩ்роХро│் роЪெропро▓்рокроЯுроХிро▒ோроо்... роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЪроорооாрой ро╡ிроХிродрод்родிро▓் роХро▒்роХ рооாроЯ்роЯாро░்роХро│்.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் ро╕்рокро░்роЯ்роХро│ிро▓் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், рооேро▓ுроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роОрой்рой роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்рокродிро▓் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЕродிроХ роЖро░்ро╡роо் роХாроЯ்роЯுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роЗрои்род ро╡ேроХроо் ро╡ேроХрооாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХுроо்… роЕродுроороЯ்роЯுрооро▓்ро▓, роЖройாро▓் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рокெро░ுроо்рокாро▓ுроо் роироороХ்роХுрод் родோрой்ро▒ுроо் роТро░ு родро░்роХ்роХ ро╡ро░ிроЪைропை роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ рооாроЯ்роЯாро░்роХро│், роЗродрой் рооூро▓роо் роиாроо் роЪொро▓்роХிро▒ோроо்.  рооுродро▓ிро▓் роОро│ிродாрой ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│், рокிрой்ройро░் роХроЯிройрооாрой ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│்.  роОрок்рокோродுроо் роЕро░்род்родрод்родைрод் родேроЯுрокро╡ро░்роХро│ாроХ роЗро░ுрок்рокродாро▓், роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் рооுродро▓ிро▓் роХроЯிройрооாрой ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХுроЪ் роЪெро▓்ро▓ро▓ாроо், роЕро╡ை роЕродிроХ роЕро░்род்родрооுро│்ро│ро╡ை...

роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роЪொрои்род ро╡ேроХрод்родிро▓் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ роиாроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЗроЯроо் роХொроЯுрод்родாро▓், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рооேро▓ுроо் рооேро▓ுроо் рооேро▓ுроо் роЪெро▓்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்:

роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЙро▓роХை рооுро┤ுро╡родுрооாроХрок் рокாро░்роХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роТро░ுро╡ேро│ை рооро░்роорооாройродாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХро▓ாроо், роЖройாро▓் рооுро┤ுрооைропுроо் роХுро▒ைро╡ாроХ роЗро▓்ро▓ை.  рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│் роиாроо் роЪெроп்ро╡родு рокோро▓ роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЕродை роХாро▒்ро▒ு рокுроХாрод роЪிро▒ிроп ро╡роХைроХро│ாроХрок் рокிро░ிрок்рокродிро▓்ро▓ை.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роТро░ு ро╡ிро╖ропрод்родிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு роЗрой்ройொро░ு ро╡ிро╖ропрод்родிро▒்роХுрод் родாро╡ுро╡родுроо், рооுро▒ைропாрой ро╡роХுрок்рокுроХро│் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் рокாроЯрок்рокுрод்родроХроЩ்роХро│ிро▓் роЕро░ிродாроХро╡ே роЪெроп்ропрок்рокроЯுроо் роЗрогைрок்рокுроХро│ை роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХுро╡родுроо் роЗропро▒்роХைропாройродு.  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் родроЩ்роХро│் роЪொрои்род рокாродைроХро│ை роЕро▒ிропாродро╡ро░்роХро│ாроХро╡ுроо், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХாроХ роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХ роиிройைроХ்роХாрод рокாродைроХро│ாроХро╡ுроо் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் ... роЗро▒ுродிропாроХ, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் родроЩ்роХро│் роЪொрои்род рооூроХ்роХைрок் рокிрой்родொроЯро░ுроо்рокோродு, ​​​​роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЖро░்ро╡рооாроХ роЗро░ுрок்рокродைроХ் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро╡родாро▓், роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் ро╡ேроХрооாроХроЪ் роЪெро▓்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роиாроо் роиிройைрок்рокродை ро╡ிроЯ роЕродிроХрооாрой рокроХுродிроХро│ை роЕроЯைроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.  роЕро╡ро▒்ро▒ைроХ் роХுро▒ிроХ்роХ рооுропро▒்роЪிрок்рокродு роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЕро╡ро▒்ро▒ை рооро▒ைроХ்роХ рооுропро▒்роЪிрок்рокродு.

роиாроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роХроЯ்роЯுрок்рокாроЯ்роЯிро▓் ро╡ைроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்:

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роЪுродрои்родிро░рооாроХ роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роХொрод்родுроХро│ிро▓் роЕро▓்ро▓ роОрой்рокродை роЙрогро░ ро╡ேрог்роЯிропродு роЕро╡роЪிропроо்;  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЖро░்ро╡род்родிройாро▓ுроо் роЖро░்ро╡род்родிройாро▓ுроо் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роЕродிроХாро░род்родிро▓் роЗро░ுроХ்роХுроо் рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│ை роороХிро┤்ро╡ிрок்рокродро▒்роХோ роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЪрооாродாройрок்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡родро▒்роХோ роЕро▓்ро▓;  роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் родроЩ்роХро│் роЪொрои்род роХро▒்ро▒ро▓ிрой் роХроЯ்роЯுрок்рокாроЯ்роЯிро▓் роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роОрой்рой роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роОрок்рокроЯி роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்рокродை роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ே родீро░்рооாройிроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை рокро░ிроЪோродிроХ்роХро╡ோ роЕро▓்ро▓родு роХேро│்ро╡ி роХேроЯ்роХро╡ோ родேро╡ைропிро▓்ро▓ை.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ிрой் роХро▒்ро▒ро▓ை роиாроо் родொроЯро░்рои்родு роЪро░ிрокாро░்рок்рокродு, роХро▒்ро▒ро▓ைрод் родроЯுроХ்роХிро▒родு рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЕро┤ிроХ்роХிро▒родு, рооேро▓ுроо் роЪро░ிропாрой роиேро░род்родிро▓் роХро▒்роХுроо் родிро▒ройைроХ் роХுро▒ைроХ்роХிро▒родு.  роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு родோро▓்ро╡ிропроЯைроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்рокродிро▓், роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் родொроЯро░்рои்родு роЪோродிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுро╡родாро▓் роПро▒்рокроЯுроо் роХро╡ро▓ை, родோро▓்ро╡ி, родрог்роЯройை рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЕро╡рооாройроо் рокро▒்ро▒ிроп рокропроо், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роЙрогро░்родро▓் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роиிройைро╡ிро▓் роХொро│்ро│ுроо் родிро▒рой் роЖроХிроп роЗро░рог்роЯைропுроо் роХроЯுрооைропாроХроХ் роХுро▒ைрод்родு, рокроЯிроХ்роХுроо் ро╡ிро╖ропрод்родிро▓ிро░ுрои்родுроо், роЙрод்родிроХро│ுроХ்роХுроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ைрод் родро│்ро│ுроХிро▒родு роОрой்ро▒ு роХூро▒ிройேрой்.  роЖроЪிро░ிропро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХுрод் родெро░ிропாродродைрод் родроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХுрод் родெро░ிропுроо் роОрой்ро▒ு роиிройைрод்родு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роПрооாро▒்ро▒ுро╡родро▒்роХாроХ.

рооро▒்ро▒ுроо்:

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроХ்роХு роПродாро╡родு родெро░ிропுрооா роОрой்ро▒ு (роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЕро▒ிропро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை роОрой்ро▒ு роироо்рооை роиாрооே роиிро░ூрокிрод்родுроХ் роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│ா) роиாроо் родொроЯро░்рои்родு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிроЯроо் роХேро│்ро╡ிроХро│ைроХ் роХேроЯ்роХுроо்рокோродு, ​​роиாроо் роОрок்рокோродுроо் рооெродுро╡ாроХроЪ் роЪெропро▓்рокроЯுро╡родைроХ் роХுро▒ைрод்родு, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роЕройுрокро╡роЩ்роХро│ைроЪ் роЪோродிрод்родு, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рокாродுроХாрок்рокாрой роЕро▒ிро╡ாроХ рооாро▒்ро▒ுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.  рокிро│்ро│ைроХро│் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│род் родொроЯроЩ்роХுроо் ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роХேро│்ро╡ிроХро│ைроХ் роХேроЯ்рокродு, роТроЯ்роЯрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роиாро▒்роХாро▓ிропிро▓் роЙроЯ்роХாро░்рои்родுроХொро│்ро╡родைрок் рокோрой்ро▒родு.  роХроЯ்роЯрооைрок்рокு роЗроЯிрои்родு ро╡ிро┤ுроХிро▒родு.

роиாроо் роЪிро▒рои்род роХро▒்ро▒ро▓ைроЪ் роЪெроп்роп ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокிройாро▓், роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ைрок் рокிрой்рокро▒்ро▒ுро╡родு роиро▓்ро▓родு.

роиாроо் [роироо்рооுроЯைроп рооройродை] рооுрой்роХூроЯ்роЯிроп роОрог்рогроЩ்роХро│ைрод் родுроЯைроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо், родீро░்рок்рокை роЗроЯைроиிро▒ுрод்род ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо், роЪூро┤்роиிро▓ைроХ்роХு роироо்рооைрод் родிро▒роХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо், роироо்рооாро▓் рооுроЯிрои்род роЕро│ро╡ு родро░ро╡ுроХро│ை роОроЯுрод்родுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо், рооேро▓ுроо் роХுро┤рок்рокрод்родிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு ро╡ெро│ிропேро▒ுроо் роТро░ுро╡ிрод роТро┤ுроЩ்роХுроХ்роХாроХ рокொро▒ுрооைропாроХ роХாрод்родிро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.  роЪுро░ுроХ்роХрооாроХроЪ் роЪொрой்ройாро▓், роиாроо் роТро░ு роЪிро▒ு роХுро┤рои்родைропைрок் рокோро▓ роЪிрои்родிроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.  роХро▒்ро▒ро▓் рокро▒்ро▒ி роиீроЩ்роХро│் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொрог்роЯродை роиிройைро╡ிро▓் роХொро│்ро│ுроЩ்роХро│்.  роХுро┤рои்родை рооாродிро░ி роЗро░ு.  роЙроЩ்роХро│் роХрог்роХро│ைрок் рокропрой்рокроЯுрод்родுроЩ்роХро│்.  роЕрои்род роЖроЪிро░ிропро░ிрой் ро╡ாропை роЙроЩ்роХро│் родро▓ைроХ்роХுро│் роХро╡்ро╡ி, роЕрои்родроХ் роХேро│்ро╡ிроХро│ை роОро▓்ро▓ாроо் роХேроЯ்роХро╡ுроо்.  роЗрои்род ро╡ிро╖ропрод்родை рокроХுрок்рокாроп்ро╡ு роЪெроп்роп рооுропро▒்роЪிроХ்роХாродீро░்роХро│், роЕродைрок் рокாро░ுроЩ்роХро│், роОроЯுрод்родுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ுроЩ்роХро│்.  роЪெроп்роп ро╡ேрог்роЯிроп роТро░ே ро╡ிро╖ропроо், роХேро│்ро╡ிроХро│ை роЕрогைрод்родுро╡ிроЯ்роЯு, роХுро┤рои்родைропைрок் рокோро▓ рокாро░்рок்рокродுродாрой்.  роОро▓்ро▓ாро╡ро▒்ро▒ைропுроо் роОроЯுрод்родுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ுроЩ்роХро│், роОро▓்ро▓ாро╡ро▒்ро▒ைропுроо் рокாро░ுроЩ்роХро│், роОродைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிропுроо் роХро╡ро▓ைрок்рокроЯ ро╡ேрог்роЯாроо்.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроХ்роХு роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро│ роЙродро╡ுро╡родு роиுроЯ்рокрод்родைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிропродு роЕро▓்ро▓, роЕродு роЕрогுроХுрооுро▒ைропைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிропродு.

роТро░ு рокроЩ்роХ் ро░ாроХ் ро╡ாроХ்роХிропроо்: "роЗродு роЖро╡ிропைрок் рокோро▓ро╡ே роиுроЯ்рокрод்родைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிроп ро╡ிро╖ропрооро▓்ро▓."

ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯ்роЯு [ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯுродро▓்] роЖро╡ி роОро▓்ро▓ாрооே.  роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроЯрой் ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯுро╡родро▒்роХாрой роТро░ே роиро▓்ро▓ роХாро░рогроо், роиாроо் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роиேроЪிрок்рокродாро▓ுроо், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроЯрой் роЗрои்род роХேроо்роХро│ை ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯுро╡родிро▓ுроо், ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯுро╡родிро▓் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роороХிро┤்роЪ்роЪிропைрок் рокроХிро░்рои்родு роХொро│்ро╡родிро▓ுроо் роиாроо் роороХிро┤்роЪ்роЪிропроЯைро╡родாро▓் родாрой்—роОрок்рокோродாро╡родு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роХро▓்ро▓ூро░ிропிро▓் роЪேро░்роХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой்рокродро▒்роХாроХ роЕро▓்ро▓.  роЗродு роХுро┤рои்родை рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯ்роЯுроХро│ை ро╡ேроЯிроХ்роХைропாроХро╡ுроо், роХுро┤рои்родைроХ்роХு рокропройுро│்ро│родாроХро╡ுроо் рокропройுро│்ро│родாроХро╡ுроо் рооாро▒்ро▒ுроо் ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯ்роЯுроХро│ிро▓் роироородு роороХிро┤்роЪ்роЪி.  роороХிро┤்роЪ்роЪிропை роЕроХро▒்ро▒ி, роОродிро░்роХாро▓ I.Q рокро▒்ро▒ிроп роЪிро▓ роХுро│ிро░்роЪ்роЪிропாрой роЗродропроХ் роХрогроХ்роХீроЯுроХро│ை роЕродрой் роЗроЯрод்родிро▓் ро╡ைроХ்роХро╡ுроо்.  рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் SAT роородிрок்рокெрог்роХро│், роироороХ்роХாроХро╡ுроо் роХுро┤рои்родைроХ்роХாроХро╡ுроо் ро╡ிро│ைропாроЯ்роЯைроХ் роХொро▓்роХிро▒ோроо்.

рокெро▒்ро▒ோро░்роХро│் роироо்рооை роЖроЪிро░ிропро░்роХро│ாроХроХ் роХாроЯ்роЯிро▓ுроо் роиூро▓роХро░்роХро│ாроХ роиிройைроХ்роХро▓ாроо்.

"роОрои்родро╡ொро░ு роХро▒்рокро╡ро░ுроХ்роХுроо் роЖроЪிро░ிропро░்роХро│் роЪெроп்ропроХ்роХூроЯிроп рооிроХ рооுроХ்роХிропрооாрой ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ிро▓் роТрой்ро▒ு, роХро▒்рокро╡ро░ைроХ் роХுро▒ைро╡ாроХроЪ் роЪாро░்рои்родு роЗро░ுроХ்роХроЪ் роЪெроп்ро╡родு."

роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ுроо் роТро╡்ро╡ொро░ு рокுродிроп ро╡ிро╖ропрооுроо் рооро▒்ро▒ рокுродிроп ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ைроХ் роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ் роХொро│்ро│ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்.  роЕродு роОродை роЙрог்роХிро▒родு роОрой்рокродைрок் рокொро▒ுрод்родு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роЖро░்ро╡роо் роЕродிроХро░ிроХ்роХிро▒родு.  роОроЩ்роХро│் рокрогி, роЕродை роЙрогро╡ுроЯрой் роирой்роХு ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХுро╡родாроХுроо்… роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роЖро░்ро╡род்родை “роЙрогро╡ு роирой்ро▒ாроХ ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХрок்рокроЯ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்” роОрой்рокродு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЙрогро╡ро│ிрок்рокродைропோ роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் родроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роОрой்рой роЙрогро╡ро│ிроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрой்рокродை роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХுроЪ் роЪொро▓்ро╡родைропோ роЕро░்род்родрок்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡родிро▓்ро▓ை.  роЕродாро╡родு, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЕроЯைропроХ்роХூроЯிроп рокро░рои்род ро╡роХை рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роиро▓்ро▓ роЙрогро╡ுроХро│ிрой் роЕро│ро╡ை-роЕродிро▓் роХுрок்рокை роЙрогро╡ுроХро│் роЗро▓்ро▓ாрод роТро░ு рокро▓்рокொро░ுро│் роЕроЩ்роХாроЯிроХ்роХு роЕро┤ைрод்родுроЪ் роЪெро▓்ро╡родு рокோрой்ро▒родு (роЕрок்рокроЯி роТро░ு ро╡ிро╖ропрод்родை роироо்рооாро▓் роХро▒்рокройை роЪெроп்роп рооுроЯிрои்родாро▓்).

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роЕро▒ிрои்родு роХொро│்ро╡родро▒்роХாрой ро╡ро┤ி, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роиேроЪிрок்рокродுроо், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роЙрог்рооைропாроХрок் рокாро░்рок்рокродுроо், роХேроЯ்рокродுроо்родாрой்.

 роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி рооூро│ை роЖро░ாроп்роЪ்роЪி роЙрог்рооைропிро▓் роОро╡்ро╡ро│ро╡ு роЪொро▓்ро▓ுроо் роОрой்рокродிро▓் ро╣ோро▓்роЯ் роЪрои்родேроХроо் роХொро│்роХிро▒ாро░்.  роЪிро▓ ро╡ро┤ிроХро│ிро▓், роЕро╡ро░் роТро░ு роХро▓ைроЮро░ைрок் рокோро▓ро╡ே роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை роЕрогுроХுроХிро▒ாро░்: роЕро╡ро░родு роЕро▒ிро╡ுро▒ுрод்родро▓்роХро│் ро╡ெро▒ுрооройே роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роиேроЪிроХ்роХро╡ுроо், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ைрок் рокாро░்роХ்роХро╡ுроо், роЙрог்рооைропிро▓் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ைрок் рокாро░்роХ்роХро╡ுроо், роиீроЩ்роХро│் рокாро░்рок்рокродை рокродிро╡ு роЪெроп்ропро╡ுроо்.  роЕро╡ро░் рооройроиро▓ рооро░ுрод்родுро╡ро░் роЖро░்.роЯி. ро▓ாропிроЩ்роХை рооேро▒்роХோро│் роХாроЯ்роЯுроХிро▒ாро░், "роХாродро▓் роЙрог்рооைроХро│ை ро╡ெро│ிрок்рокроЯுрод்родுроХிро▒родு, роЕродு роЗро▓்ро▓ாрооро▓், ро╡ெро│ிрок்рокроЯுрод்родрок்рокроЯாрооро▓் роЗро░ுроХ்роХுроо்."

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роироородு рооிроХрок்рокெро░ிроп ро╡ро│роо்.

роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ிроп роЕро┤роХாрой ро╡ிро╖ропроо் роОрой்ройро╡ெрой்ро▒ாро▓், роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ாро▓் роЕрод்родроХைроп родропாро░ிрок்рокை, роЗро╡்ро╡ро│ро╡ு рокெро░ிроп роТрок்рокрои்родрод்родை, роОро▓்ро▓ாро╡ро▒்ро▒ிро▓ிро░ுрои்родுроо், роЕро▓்ро▓родு роОродுро╡ுроо் роЪெроп்роп рооுроЯிропாродு.  роОройродு роЕро▓ுро╡ро▓роХрод்родிро▓் роЗро░ுрои்родு рокро▓ роХுроЯுроо்рокроЩ்роХро│் родроЩ்роХро│் роЪிро▒ு роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроЯрой் рокாроп்ро╕்роЯрой் родெро░ுро╡ிро▓் роироЯрои்родு роЪெро▓்ро╡родை роиாрой் рокாро░்роХ்роХிро▒ேрой்.  рокெро░ிропро╡ро░்роХро│் родрод்родро│ிроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роЪுро┤ро▓்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роХுродிроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роХுродிроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роЗрок்рокோродு роЗрои்родрок் рокроХ்роХрооாроХ роУроЯுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роЗрок்рокோродு роЕрои்родрок் рокроХ்роХрооாроХ роУроЯுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│், роЕроЯிропெроЯுрод்родு ро╡ைрок்рокродு роЕро▓்ро▓родு роХுродிрок்рокродு роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЪுро▒்ро▒ி роироЯрок்рокродு рокோрой்ро▒ро╡ро▒்ро▒ைрод் родேроЯுроЩ்роХро│், роПро▒роХ்роХூроЯிроп роОродிро▓ுроо் роПро▒ро▓ாроо்.

роиாрой் рокாро░்роХ்роХ рооுроЯிропாрод роЗроЯрод்родிро▓் роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை.  роЕрои்род роЖро▒்ро▒ро▓் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் рооுроЯ்роЯாро│்родройроо், роЖро░்ро╡роо், роХேро│்ро╡ிроХро│், рокேроЪ்роЪுроХро│், роХроЯுрооைропாрой роЙрогро░்роЪ்роЪிроХро│், роЖро▒்ро▒ுрок்рокроЯுрод்род рооுроЯிропாрод родுропро░роЩ்роХро│், роЕро│ро╡ро▒்ро▒ роороХிро┤்роЪ்роЪிроХро│், рокро▓ро░ுроХ்роХுрод் родொро▓்ро▓ைропாроХрод் родோрой்ро▒ுроо், роХுрогрок்рокроЯுрод்род рооுроЯிропாрод роТро░ு роиோропாроХ роЗро▓்ро▓ாро╡ிроЯ்роЯாро▓்.  роОрой்ройைрок் рокொро▒ுрод்родро╡ро░ை роЕро╡ை роТро░ு родேроЪிроп роЪொрод்родு, ро╡ிро▓ைроХ்роХு роЕрок்рокாро▒்рокроЯ்роЯ рокொроХ்роХிро╖роо், роОрои்род роОрог்рогெроп் роЕро▓்ро▓родு ропுро░ேройிропрод்родைропுроо் ро╡ிроЯ роироородு роЖро░ோроХ்роХிропрод்родிро▒்роХுроо் роироородு роЙропிро░்ро╡ாро┤்ро╡ிро▒்роХுроо் рооிроХро╡ுроо் роЕро╡роЪிропрооாройро╡ை роЕро▓்ро▓родு роиீроЩ்роХро│் ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுро╡родைроХ் роХுро▒ிрок்рокிроЯுроЩ்роХро│்.

роЪிро▒ு роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் роЙро▓роХை роиேроЪிроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்.  роЕродройாро▓்родாрой் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЕродைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро╡родிро▓் рооிроХро╡ுроо் родிро▒рооைропாройро╡ро░்роХро│்.  роПройெрой்ро▒ாро▓், роОро▓்ро▓ா роЙрог்рооைропாрой роХро▒்ро▒ро▓ிрой் роЗродропрод்родிро▓ுроо் роЗро░ுрок்рокродு роЕрой்рокுродாрой், родрои்родிро░роЩ்роХро│் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЪிрои்родройை роиுроЯ்рокроЩ்роХро│் роЕро▓்ро▓.

роЕроЬீро╕்
рокூрооா ропு.роОрой்.ро╡ி






ЁЯД▓ЁЯД╗ЁЯД░ЁЯЕВЁЯЕВЁЯЕБЁЯД╛ЁЯД╛ЁЯД╝ ЁЯД│ЁЯД╕ЁЯЕВЁЯД▓ЁЯД╕ЁЯД┐ЁЯД╗ЁЯД╕ЁЯД╜ЁЯД┤

ЁЯД▓ЁЯД╗ЁЯД░ЁЯЕВЁЯЕВЁЯЕБЁЯД╛ЁЯД╛ЁЯД╝  ЁЯД│ЁЯД╕ЁЯЕВЁЯД▓ЁЯД╕ЁЯД┐ЁЯД╗ЁЯД╕ЁЯД╜ЁЯД┤   ЁЯЕВЁЯЕГЁЯЕБЁЯД░ЁЯЕГЁЯД┤ЁЯД╢ЁЯД╕ЁЯД┤ЁЯЕВ Written by Chris Drew (PhD) | July 17, 2024 Effective discipline involves se...